Integrated rural development programmes: A historical perspective

The pervasive poverty in rural areas has represented a continuing concern of national governments and development assistance agencies. One response to pervasive poverty has been the design of local institutions to enable rural communities to mobilize their own resources to generate growth and improve the quality of life. Programmes organized under the rubric of ‘community development’ were a major focus of development assistance during the 1950s and early 1960s. During the early 1970s concern about the distributional implications of economic growth again emerged as a major theme in development thought and development policy. This concern gave rise to two new development assistance approaches — ‘integrated rural development’ and ‘basic needs’ programmes. In this paper, I attempt to trace the development, accomplishments and limitations of the community development, integrated rural development and basic needs approaches.     

Land and development at Indaleni: A historical perspective

This paper reviews the history of land allocation, land use and also some of the major attempts made over the last century to introduce change and what is now popularly referred to as development at Indaleni, a black community which is predominantly Zulu, but where there has been a strong white mission presence for over a hundred years. It is argued that the missionaries and colonial administrators of the last century were the forerunners of many of the interest groups active in the development field at Indaleni and elsewhere in KwaZulu/Natal today. Although the aims of intervention have changed, the high‐handed methods and above all the certainty with which many outsiders approach ‘development’ has not. Chronicled also are white attitudes to granting freehold land tenure to blacks in Natal and consideration is given to the reasons why the first missionaries to work at Indaleni failed to achieve their aim of not only converting local people to Christianity, but of equipping them with skills to compete with whites in an integrated social and economic community.     

印度的全球化与社会排他性

绪论 全球化包括国家、地方的经济以及社会的不断整合.这种整合是通过更广阔、更自由的资本、商品和服务的流通来进行的.在一定程度上,它是新科技所导致的一种自然和必然的结果.在很大程度上它又是被国际组织和占统治地位的经济体或国家政府以及各国的经济中坚力量所推进.绝大部分缺少技术、经济实力和政治资本的人是没有地位和权利来选择能否参与构建全球化的内容及规则.有人认为全球化为经济增长提供了更广阔的机遇,并将有益于全世界也包括贫穷的国家和人民.就这一点来说,全球化与过去几十年中一些国家和国际组织采用的一些发展战略和政策是相似的.但是,他们在保证平等方面的大多数承诺,总是不能成功.发展的利益被不平均的分配,一些群体被遗忘,而带给另一些人的则是负面的影响,甚至导致出现更恶劣的社会经济状况.     

Globalisation and competition policies

Globalisation and Competition Policies. — This paper discusses the nature of globalisation and its relationship to cross-country competition in the markets for tradeable goods and services. It emphasises the dual modes of cross-border supply, namely, international trade and international production. These have given rise to new international dimensions of competition policy. The paper surveys these dimensions and considers the desirability of harmonising competition policies of different nations and other options such as the development of multilateral competition policies under the WTO.     

Globalisation and the European disease

Summary This paper analyses the impact of globalisation of economic relationships on the European labour market. The main finding is that Europe's unemployment problem is rooted in rigidities in the labour market itself, while the increasing importance of international trade should provide an opportunity to reduce long-term labour market slack. To reap the potential benefits in this respect, European governments would need to re-orient structural policies towards a better functioning of labour and product markets.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economics Department, Paris. The author is indebted to several of his colleagues in the Economics Department — in particular Bob Ford, Katie Gordon, Wim Suyker, Thorsteinn Thorgeirsson, and Nick Vanston — and two anonymous referees for their useful comments on an earlier draft. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Organisation or the governments of its member countries.     

Financial Globalisation and the Crisis

The global financial crisis provides an important testing ground for the financial globalisation model. We ask three questions. First, did financial globalisation materially contribute to the origination of the global financial crisis? Second, once the crisis occurred, how did financial globalisation affect the incidence and propagation of the crisis across different countries? Third, how has financial globalisation affected the management of the crisis at national and international levels?     

Globalisation,poverty and corruption: Retarding progress in South Africa

ABSTRACT

Poverty and corruption can both immiserate a nation. Globalisation through open trade can potentially increase economic growth, providing employment and increased incomes to the poor. Corruption can dampen or even reduce these positive developments. Although globalisation is considered instrumental in development strategies, theoretically, the impact of globalisation on poverty reduction is ambiguous, an ambiguity that is also reflected in the empirical literature. The corruption-poverty literature clearly reveals that empirical findings on such association are at best heterogeneous. This article examines the effects of globalisation and corruption on poverty using time series data for South Africa for the period 1991–2016. Three indicators of poverty and recently developed measures of globalisation and corruption were employed in the logistic regression model used for estimation. The results confirm that globalisation reduces poverty while corruption intensifies it. The globalisation findings are robust across the different measures of poverty while unidirectional results show corruption increases poverty.