Ein Risikoausgleichsmodell für den Wettbewerb um Bestandskunden in der PKV

The capital funded health insurance system in Germany (the PKV) is afflicted with a lack of competition because insurants lose their ageing provisions if they switch their insurer. So far an adequate model for the transfer of ageing provisions regarding economic as well as actuarial aspects is missing. In this paper we develop a model for the transfer of ageing provisions in the German PKV, which is consequently based on the existing calculation methods. We show the necessity of a new risk adjustment reserve providing a signal for the the risk level of health insurance collectives. From a calculative point of view, the risk adjustment reserve is connected with the basis for actuarial calculation of the PKV collectives. Further studies should concentrate on quantifications of the derived model components.     

Die stochastische Modellierung von Großschäden für den Einsatz in internen Risikomodellen der Schadenversicherung

Along with individual corporate management and regulatory matters for instance within EU regime Solvency II, Internal Risk Models are very important for major general insurance companies. Of crucial importance in building these internal models, is the stochastic modelling of large claims and in particular, the selection and parameterization of suitable probability distributions for the amount and number of claims based on empirical data. To this end, in practice, a visually-based methodology is more appropriate and workable than strict mathematical approaches. Based on a practical case study, this paper provides some insight into a visually-based methodology for internal risk models.     

Aufsichtsrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Tätigkeit von EU-Versicherern in der Türkei

In recent years the Turkish insurance market has exerted a strong appeal, especially for insurers seated in the EU, in view of its exponential growth rates and its dormant growth potential. EU insurers are, however, subject to more stringent insurance supervisory requirements when entering this insurance market, external to the EU, than when expending into other European insurance markets.     

Zur Modellierung von Rückversicherungsverträgen in der dynamischen Finanzanalyse

In this paper we study the influence of Gaussian dependencies on the payoff of reinsurance contracts and the resulting effects on a non-life insurer's risk and return profile. To achieve this, we integrate different Gaussian dependencies and reinsurance contracts in a dynamic financial analysis (DFA) framework and conduct numerical tests within a simulation study. Depending on the reinsurance contract and the dependency employed, we find substantial differences in risk assessment for the ruin probability and for the expected policyholder deficit. The results have important implications for regulators and rating agencies that use these risk measures as a foundation for capital standards and ratings. Our results extend the findings of a recent working paper by Eling and Toplek (2008) with a detailed analysis of Gaussian dependencies under different reinsurance contracts.     

Ein versicherungsmathematischer Ansatz zur Berechnung von Marktwerten der Deckungsrückstellung in der Lebensversicherung

Based on well-known actuarial calculation principles for the determination of the liabilities for life insurance contracts, we present a method for the calculation of fair values of liabilities. This method is consistent with the Solvency II requirements. The main principle is the discounting of probability weighted future cash flows, including assumptions on interest rates, costs and lapse for the calculation of actuarial present values. In addition to the mathematical framework, we discuss some numerical results that compare the traditional liabilities with the fair value approach. The presented principles are also relevant for the IFRS directives, which are at the moment available as exposure draft.     

Deckungsbegrenzungen in Pflichtversicherungen – Die Bedeutung des § 114 VVG 2008 für Verträge über Pflichthaftpflichtversicherungen

Numerous liability insurances are mandatory in order to ensure the indemnification of potential victims. These compulsory insurances are regulated by sections 113 et seqq. of the “Versicherungsvertragsgesetz” (German insurance contract law). The new section 114 aims at protecting the victims' financial interests by specifying the necessary scope of cover of compulsory insurances.However, the statutory interpretation of section 114 provides several difficulties: For example, it prescribes concrete amounts on the hand – and contains a vague blanket clause on the other hand. This study wants to disclose these difficulties, develop specific solutions and reveal the fundamental legal interests which lie behind section 114.     

Neue Sterblichkeitstafeln der “Varma” für minderwertige Leben

Abstract

Die in der Versicherung minderwertiger Leben angewendeten hypothetischen Sterblichkeitstafeln zerfallen ihrem Klassifizierungsgrunde nach in zwei Gruppen: die Klassifizierung gründet sich 1:0 auf die Art der Minderwertigkeitsursache, 2:0 auf den geschatzten Grad der Minderwertigkeit.     

Die niederländische Gesundheitsreform 2006 – Vorbild für eine weitere Reform des Krankenversicherungswesens in Deutschland?

The health sector of many European countries has been subject of a profound process of change for years. Since the federal elections of 2009 a discussion on the direction of the German health insurance system has emerged. In this context, German neighboring countries like Switzerland or the Netherlands are considered due to their changes in health policy for decades. This work deals with the effects of the recent Dutch health care reform. Due to the combination of the two elements “Bürgerversicherung” and “Kopfpauschale”, it serves as a possible model for further reform in the German health system since its introduction in 2006. Special attention was paid to the consolidation of statutory and private insurance in a general citizens insurance in the Netherlands “three-pillar model”. Because of the medium-term time horizon, financial impacts on state and private households and changes in competition between insured individuals, insurers and providers could be analysed. Especially, positive effects in terms of increasing competition and reducing the two-tier health care became apparent.     

Das Restglied der Taylorschen Reihe des Rentenbarwertes und einige Formeln des Zinsfussproblems für grosse Zinsspannungen

Abstract

Im Zinsfussproblem spielen eine wichtige Rolle drei Hilfsfunktionen der Summen der diskontierten Zahlen, die wir vorweg kurz erwahnen wollen. Unter der nten Summe der diskontierten Zahlen D_x verstehen wir SpezieU haben wir:      

Die aktuelle Bedeutung und Gestaltung der Vertrauensschadenversicherung – zugleich eine rechtsvergleichende Betrachtung der Fidelity Insurance in den USA

The German fidelity insurance (Vertrauensschadenversicherung) protects companies from negative impacts of white-collar crime. More specifically, the fidelity insurance is aimed to prevent companies from negative financial impacts caused by intentional breach of duty by its own employees. In some industries, in particular in the IT-business, the fidelity insurance usually also covers damages caused by third parties. Further more, fidelity insurances cover computer abuse, data abuse, and betrayal of secrets. Apart from damages in the strict sense, the fidelity insurance covers costs for appropriate it-measures, damage investigation, fees and costs of legal proceedings, and public relation costs which are necessary after damages occurred. The fidelity insurance is not specifically mentioned in – or governed by the German Insurance Contract Act (VVG). Every insurance contract is therefore in large parts subject to the parties agreements. Limitations may arise from general provisions of the VVG or the German Civil Code (BGB). The German Insurance Association (GDV) does not issue general terms regarding the fidelity insurance, as they do for other types of insurances. This leads to a large variety of standard terms of various different insurance companies. Different terms of different companies vary with regard to some central topics such as the period of coverage. Consequently, comparing different offers is very difficult and changing the insurance company may in some cases lead to the loss of coverage for certain periods of time.While the fidelity insurance is not very common in Germany, it is already a key protection measure in the USA. All insurance companies in the USA use the some standard terms and conditions (also referred to as standard forms). Regarding the period of coverage, these standard terms and conditions rely on the principle of discovery of damages (Schadenentdeckungsprinzip). Costumers benefit from these standard terms and conditions in the USA by being able to compare costs and product details. Considering selected aspects of the standard terms used in the USA can improve the spread and the acceptation of the fidelity insurance in Germany.     

Betriebswirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von „New Economy-Unternehmen” in der Versicherungswirtschaft

While a whole set of ?new economy enterprises” in the insurance business were successfull, many of them left the market after a very short life span. What are the substantial conditions for the success of these enterprises? The answer to this analisis can be summarized in three aspects:

1. The business model should contain a sufficient information-economic transaction benefit.
2. The branding strategy should create in the sense of Informationssurrogates sufficient confidence and generate respectable traffic.
3. The supply of sufficient investment capital must be guaranteed during the entire starting period.

     

Chancen und Herausforderungen der Rückversicherung in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung

In 2009 a so-called morbidity orientated risk structure equalization scheme was installed for the German statutory health insurance in order to minimize structural differences between different providers with respect to revenue and expenditures. Even with this mechanism some risks to the individual health insurance providers remain. Reinsurance could be a way to mitigate these risks, but so far only very few contracts have been signed. Moreover the existing reinsurance contracts only focus on the periphery of the statutory health insurance system such as travel health insurance. In this article we therefore analyse existing risks for individual health insurance providers and evaluate their (re-)insurability. Hereafter the potential for reinsurance solutions in the German statutory health insurance itself as well as in newer forms of healthcare provision (e.g. integrated health care and managed care) is discussed. We find that reinsurance may be a reasonable solution for many of the risks in the statutory health insurance scheme. But as research in this area is very young further analysis of the nature of risks is necessary.     

Prognose des Abwicklungsergebnisses mittels Chain-Ladder-Verfahren für abhängige Run-Off-Portfolios

In the present paper we analyse how the estimators from Merz u. Wüthrich (2007) could be generalised to the case of N correlated run-off triangles. The simultaneous view on N correlated subportfolios is motivated by the fact, that in practice a run-off portfolio often has to be divided in subportfolios, so that the homogeneity assumption of the claims reserving method on each subportfolio is satisfied. We derive an explicit formula for the process-variance, the estimation-error and the prediction error made by the forecast for the claims development result with the Chain-Ladder method. We illustrate the results by an example.     

Ausgleichung der Sterblichkeit der Versicherten in der schwedischen lebensversicherungsanstalt “Trygg” für die Periode 1899–1916 (Volksversicherung)

Abstract

Die vorliegende Ausgleichung der Sterblichkeit in der “Trygg” ist von mir im ersten Halbjahr 1921 im Auftrag des Kgl. Schwedischen Aufsichtsamts für Privatversicherung vorgenommen worden.     

Randbemerkungen über den Verlauf der Deckungskapitalien; ihre differentialgleichungen und gewisse ihnen angeknüpfte identitäten

Abstract

Es kann in der Lebensversicherung mitunter von Interesse sein eine gewisse Übersicht darüber zu gewinnen wie sich das Deckungskapital irgend eines vorgelegten Versicherungsbestandes (unter bestimmter Voraussetzung der Sterblichkeit und des Zinsfusses) mit den Jahren ändern wird. Es handelt sich dabei oft um die Abschätzung des Zeitspunktes für den Eintritt des Maximums des Deckungskapitals eines solchen Bestandes, und um die Höhe dieses Kapitals zu diesem Zeitpunkte. Solche Fragen entstehen z. B. bei aussterbenden Versicherungseinrichtungen und namentlich bei Übertragungen von ganzen Versicherungsbeständen, wie sie in dieser Zeit so häufig vorkommen. Der Gegenstand bietet kaum Schwierigkeiten, ist vielmehr theoretisch einfach; jedoch aber nicht ohne Interesse, weshalb eine ganz kurze Auseinandersetzung angepasst sein dürfte. Wir werden dann bei derselben Gelegenheit, obwohl es für die so gestellte Aufgabe nicht nötig war, einige allgemeine Differentialgleichungen und Identitäten ableiten, die mit derselben Aufgabe in enger Verbindung stehen.     

Aktuelle und zukünftige Fragen der Lebensversicherung zwischen Zivil- und Aufsichtsrecht – Information und Beratung nach der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/97 über Versicherungsvertrieb

The paper provides a critical analysis of information requirements and rules on advice pursuant to the new Directive (EU) 2016/97 on insurance distribution (IDD). Following an introductory overview of the IDD and its “business conduct rules”, distribution- and product-related information duties and the rules on services with and without advice are discussed. Particular emphasis is laid on life insurance and coherence of the special rules concerning insurance-based investment products with the general requirements and those pursuant to MIFID II.