基于层次分析法的城市土地集约利用评价——以珠三角为例

从投入、产出、经济效益、可持续利用四个层次构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系，采用层次分析法，对珠三角城市土地集约利用情况进行评价分析．得出结论：珠三角城市土地集约利用程度总体水平不高，区域空间差异较大，珠三角核心区域集约度较高，外围集约度较低，并就提高珠三角城市土地集约利用提出了一些建议。     

区域建设用地集约利用评价研究——以甘肃省兰州市为例

土地资源的集约利用对解决当前城市化进程中紧张的人地矛盾具有重要意义。以兰州市为研究对象开展了建设用地集约利用评价实证研究,采用多因素综合评价模型,通过对土地集约趋势的定性分析并结合土地集约度的定量计算对兰州市8个区县建设用地集约利用水平进行了综合评价。评价中自主开发了土地集约度评价软件,以代替传统的手工计算指标值的方式,运用加权求和的方法计算得到集约度值,采用数轴法和聚类分析法对集约度值进行分类,确定各评价单元的土地集约利用等级。研究结果表明:兰州市各区县集约利用度差异较大,基本上分为4个等级,其中I级的有城关区,Ⅱ级的有七里河区、安宁区、西固区,Ⅲ级的有红古区、榆中县,Ⅳ级的有皋兰县、永登县。城关区集约利用程度最高,市辖区比市辖县集约利用程度高,集约利用水平呈现出从市区到县逐渐降低的空间格局。     

基于TOPSIS法的建设用地集约利用评价——以益阳市资阳区为例

主要从土地集约利用的内涵出发,对贵阳区建设用地的利用现状进行分析,在此基础上采用改进的TOPSIS法对贵阳区的建设用地利用进行综合评价,得出各个乡镇建设用地利用的集约度及集约利用重点,针对存在的问题提出优化对策.     

重庆市建设用地集约利用评价

建设用地集约利用水平主要体现在土地利用强度、土地利用效益、土地投入强度和土地利用可持续性等四个方面.采用综合评价模型对重庆市各区县建设用地集约利用水平进行评价,根据土地利用集约度的差异对其进行聚类分析.最后揭示了经济发展水平和区位条件是影响建设用地集约利用的重要因素.     

广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用研究

对广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用研究有助于实现土地的合理利用和可持续高效利用;在综合考虑城市土地资源集约利用的内涵和指标选取原则的基础上,从城市土地集约利用的的条件基础、土地投入强度、土地利用程度、土地利用效益、土地集约利用发展趋势等5个方面构建广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用综合评价法和障碍因子分析法,对城市土地集约利用水平进行综合测度,结果为广西湾经济区城市土地集约利用水平低,为低度利用,其中主要的制约因素前3住为城市人口与用地弹性系数、固定资产投资额与用地弹胜系数、地均年固定资产投资额。     

开发区土地集约利用程度评价研究——以安徽省安庆经济开发区为例

采用目标值法、发展趋势估计法、先进经验逼近法和特尔非法对安庆经济开发区土地集约利用进行评价,得出土地利用状况对开发区土地利用集约度的影响贡献最显著,其次是用地效益的影响。研究表明,安庆经济开发区土地集约利用水平较高,创新土地使用机制、加强开发区土地规划与城市规划的指标衔接和协调、优化用地结构能促进开发区土地集约利用水平和土地利用方式转变,推动开发区土地利用管理基础信息建设,进而提高土地管理水平。     

基于约束性SD模型的城市建设用地规模预测研究——以吉林省四平市为例

[目的]城市建设用地规模预测是控制城市建设用地扩张的重要手段和有效途径,文章旨在为实现城市转型和精明增长双赢提供技术支撑。[方法]以四平市为例,首先,利用土地集约度公式,对2015年四平中心城区建设用地集约利用进行评价;其次,探讨城市建设用地规模作用机理,构建系统动力学因果关系图,利用回归分析和C-D函数确定变量的关系式,将土地集约度作为约束条件,利用2001—2016年统计年鉴数据,通过系统动力学模型对2015年四平市城市建设用地规模进行仿真,并对2030年四平市城市建设用地规模进行预测。[结果](1)土地集约度在40~60,到2030年城市建设用地规模、全市耕地面积、人口、GDP较2015年分别变化22.02%、-5.50%、0.16%、161.92%;(2)土地集约度在60~80,到2030年城市建设用地规模、全市耕地面积、人口、GDP较2015年分别变化12.98%、-4.26%、1.12%、188.62%;(3)土地集约度在80~100,到2030年城市建设用地规模、全市耕地面积、人口、GDP较2015年分别变化5.43%、-2.49%、1.53%、254.08%。[结论]2015年四平中心城区集约利用区面积仅占15.91%,中度集约利用区面积占22.50%,低度集约利用区面积占61.59%,说明目前四平城市用地效率低下;今后四平市应提高土地利用率,转变城市发展模式,应将土地集约度作为约束条件,预测四平市城市建设用地规模;该研究既保护了耕地资源,又推动城市由外延扩张向内涵提升转变,为实现四平市城市转型和精明增长双赢提供技术支撑。     

建设项目土地节约集约利用评价研究——以甘肃省106个光伏项目为例

[目的]目前,针对具体建设项目土地节约集约利用评价的相关研究相对较少,土地节约集约利用评价的内涵单一,评价结果不能全面反映建设项目土地节约集约利用水平的高低。文章通过选取甘肃省光伏项目,从用地规模、用地结构、用地强度、用地效益4个方面构建评价体系,对建设项目土地节约集约利用水平进行综合评价。[方法]以多因素综合分析法为基础,选取甘肃省2013~2015年已建设的106个光伏项目为实证研究对象,利用具体建设项目土地利用、投入产出等数据资料,通过从用地规模、用地强度、用地结构、用地效益4个评价方面选取11个具体评价指标,构建建设项目土地节约集约利用评价的指标体系,采用特尔斐法和层次分析法测算各指标权重,依据3δ法则及文献规范资料确定各指标标准值,最后对典型光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用情况进行测算评价,并对评价结果进行分析,提出相关建议。[结果]通过实证分析,甘肃省106个光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用水平整体较高,按照节约集约度等级划分,处于低度利用的项目为4个、适度利用66个、中度利用34个、高度利用2个;在具体4个评价方面,光伏建设项目整体在用地规模、用地强度、用地效益评价层分值相对较高,但各具体评价单元之间存在较大的差异,个别建设项目土地节约集约利用程度还有较大的提升空间;项目用地结构评价层得分整体相对较低,通过建设项目内部功能区布局优化、土地利用结构调整,光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用程度有较大的提升空间。[结论]从单位用地规模、用地结构、用地强度、用地效益四个维度构建的评价体系能够全面反映建设项目节约集约利用情况。     

基于综合集成赋权法的建设用地集约利用时空评价

在对建设用地集约利用及其评价进行系统学解释的基础上,建立一套包括建设用地投入强度、使用强度、利用效率和利用结构四方面的评价指标体系,引入综合集成赋权法以确定参评指标权重.并以湘潭市为例,运用该方法及集约度时空分布模型,对其建设用地集约利用进行综合评价,从而对建设用地集约利用评价方法进行了有益的探索.     

基于分层线性模型的开发区工业用地集约利用影响因素研究

研究目的:针对以往工业用地集约利用影响因素研究仅考虑单一层次且多集中于宏观、中观尺度的问题,尝试从微观企业尺度分析企业、开发区两层因素对工业用地集约利用的影响。研究方法:综合评价法和分层线性模型。研究结果:江西省开发区企业土地集约利用水平总体偏低,在地域分布上呈现出赣北赣东赣西赣中赣南的特征,与开发区土地集约利用水平地域分布一致;开发区企业用地集约度受到企业和开发区两个层次影响。企业层次主要受企业规模、企业所有制、行业类型、研发投入和初始基础设施影响;开发区层次主要受开发区级别、工业用地率和土地利用集约度影响,并且通过影响企业资本类型、研发投入和初始基础设施的系数对企业用地集约度产生加成效用。研究结论:分层线性模型有效解决了开发区企业土地集约利用影响因素的结构分层和嵌套问题,揭示了开发区企业土地集约利用影响因素与机制,研究结果为研究区有针对性的制定土地集约利用政策提供一定依据。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.