煤矿废弃地生态恢复治理研究

近些年来,因矿产资源被大量开采而导致生态被破坏、环境被污染的面积日益增大。本文对近年来国内外矿产区废弃地生态恢复情况做出了研究,总结出了以土壤机制改良和人工造林为基础的生态恢复和重建方法。     

土壤动物对矿区废弃地复垦作用的研究

分析了矿区废弃地的状况和土壤动物的生活、生理特征，认为采用土壤动物进行矿区废弃地的恢复是改善环境的新对策。利用土壤动物的作用是矿区废弃地复垦的新策略，是废弃地生态恢复与重建的重要途径，提出了废弃地复垦的流程。     

农业废弃物在矿山生态恢复中的应用

矿山废弃地多为裸露岩面,需要大量的土壤用于植被的恢复与重建。同时,我国农业废弃物数量巨大且逐年增多,其合理利用与管理也成为一个难题。将矿山生态恢复与农业废弃物有机结合,是寻找矿山生态恢复治理和农业废弃物资源合理利用的新思路。本文阐述了我国矿山废弃地的治理现状、农业废弃物的特点,探讨了可用于矿山生态恢复的农业废弃物的基质类型及其应用前景。     

矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建

矿区废弃地分布广、污染严重,易造成生态环境的恶化;介绍了我国矿区废弃地复垦的情况;废弃地复垦的关键是在正确评价废弃地类型、特征的基础上进行植被的恢复重建,进而使生态系统实现良性循环;植被恢复与重建的关键是尾矿基质改良和植物种类的筛选。     

基于自然的重金属污染矿地解决方案——以广东省大宝山矿业废弃地为例

矿产资源开采过程中会产生大量矿业废弃地,其生态系统被破坏、生物多样性减少、生态逆向演替严重,并导致重金属污染迁移和酸性矿山废水等严重问题。本文结合"基于自然的解决方案"(Nature-based Solution,NBS),从新的视角,提出了依靠自然的途径解决重金属污染矿业废弃地的生态修复问题。     

基于“资源—资产—资本”视角的废弃地转化研究——以黄石市铁山矿区为例

基于"资源-资产-资本"理论分析了湖北省黄石市铁山矿区废弃地转化能力与模式。分析结论:在铁山矿山废弃地转化项目中,转化能力最高的项目是生态高效农业,转化能力第二高的项目是生态工业园,而转化能力最低的项目是商贸物流园项目;从项目转化费用来看,应以政府治理为主导、市场治理为辅的矿山废弃地转化治理模式来完成铁山矿区废弃地转化;价值增值应该是铁山矿区废弃地转化的基本理念,而实施有差别的措施和政策则是必要的保障;完成铁山矿区废弃地转化,应按照实际交易费用的大小,科学处理市场与财政的关系。     

矿山废弃地旅游价值的识别与展示模式研究

从旅游开发角度将矿山废弃地划分为景观型废弃地、遗迹型废弃地、康养型废弃地、载体型废弃地以及其他低旅游价值废弃地5大类。矿山废弃地旅游价值可能体现为科学价值、美学价值、历史文化价值和康养价值中的一种或几种。其中科学价值可从矿藏资源类型、矿种品位的罕见程度及典型性和代表性上进行识别;美学价值可从矿山废弃地的形态、线条、色彩的独特性和审美方面进行识别;历史文化价值可从开采历史、矿业遗迹以及特色工业文化等方面进行识别;康养价值则应从单体康养旅游要素和康养环境等方面识别。根据不同类型矿山废弃地旅游价值侧重点的不同,可以分别采用矿山公园模式、矿山游乐园模式、矿山养生模式或结合旅游设施建设进行旅游价值展示。     

鸡西市采煤废弃地复垦潜力调查评价研究

为研究探讨资源型城市工矿废弃地复垦机制和模式,以鸡西市本级采煤废弃地为例,收集鸡西市土地利用现状资料,调查因煤炭开采、加工产生的采煤废弃地的数量、分布和类型,实地调查总结采煤废弃地现状特点,通过综合分析,确定复垦潜力的主要影响因子,建立采煤废弃地评价指标体系,分析研究区域复垦新增耕地、林地、其他农用地及建设用地的潜力,并提出促进采煤废弃地再利用、规范采煤废弃地复垦秩序及复垦为农用地后建设用地指标空间置换的政策思路和建议。     

矿业迹地研究对我国矿山生态保护与修复启示——世界典型矿业迹地分类、兴衰发展研究

矿业迹地是各国工业发展的缩影,也是采矿活动对地球扰动的一个见证。如何客观评价其历史作用、修复再利用以助推区域经济发展,是我国矿业领域面临的巨大挑战。文章检索和研究了各国与"鬼城""棕地""工矿废弃地"等矿业活动相关文献,结合现实情况,将矿业迹地归为寂地、疾地、遗迹、奇迹四类;在分析各类迹地特征及成因基础上,结合2019年12月自然资源部印发的《关于探索利用市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的意见》提出我国修复采矿废弃地的建议,即:科学分类差异化激励不同类型采矿废弃地;科学编制矿山生态设计规划,保证破坏与修复同步;科技支撑,示范引领采矿废弃地修复实现区域性突破。     

煤炭开采的生态效应及其地域分异

研究目的:分析不同地域矿区煤炭开采引起的生态效应及其地域分异现象,为差异性土地复垦与生态重建技术提供依据。研究方法:综述法、实地调查法和比较研究法。研究结果:煤炭开采扰动生态系统要素,改变生态系统结构和功能,其生态效应明显;这种效应在矿区内和矿区间表现程度和形式不尽相同,存在分异现象;影响生态效应差异的主要因素是采矿扰动因子和本底生态条件。研究结论:开展矿区生态监测和修复需要分区对待,并探索其敏感性指标或建立综合性指标评价体系。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.