黑龙江省煤炭资源枯竭型城镇塌陷区生态规划研究

黑龙江煤炭城市因其特殊的发展产生了城市的整体衰落和边缘化问题,这些问题直接影响到城市空间的整体功能,其中最为突出的是塌陷区恶化问题。目前塌陷区生态恢复与改造已经成为煤炭城镇规划研究的热点。文章以资源枯竭城镇理论为基础,以黑龙江煤炭城镇塌陷区作为实证研究对象,以现场调研和规划为方法,以改善煤炭枯竭城市塌陷区发展为目的。深入探讨了黑龙江煤炭城镇塌陷区问题与危害,提出了黑龙江煤炭塌陷区的发展模式与对策措施。通过对塌陷区生态调整的思考,阐明煤炭城镇空间结构优化构想的现实性,为寒地煤炭城镇塌陷区发展提供一定借鉴。     

快速城镇化过程中建设用地空间安全预警分析

研究目的:基于空间视角,探索建设用地空间安全预警的思路与方法,使预警结果在空间上直观体现出来。研究方法:利用Arc GIS空间分析技术,采用因子加权分析法和数理分析法,构建预警评价指标体系。研究结果:北京市顺义区建设用地空间扩展警情态势相对严峻,重警及其以上的区域主要集中在高丽营、赵全营、李桥、北务等西部和南部镇区,并且规划被打破和诸多优质耕地被侵占的警情严重。未来顺义区需加强城市管理与规划部门对城镇扩展的空间管控能力。研究结论:本文研究提出的空间预警方法与思路能够迅速发现建设用地扩展的空间因素及其格局特征,能为城镇发展与规划指导提供有效的参考。     

城镇建设用地经济密度时空分异的实证分析

研究目的:将城镇建设用地和经济效益两者结合,对江苏省1998—2008年的城镇建设用地经济密度的时空分异特征和局部空间关联性进行分析,以期为城镇用地方式调整、产业结构优化、土地利用政策制定等提供依据。研究方法:区域差异统计分析(变差系数、泰尔指数)及探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA)。研究结果:自1998年以来江苏省城镇建设用地集约利用程度有所提高,存在南北分异特征,地区间差异不断降低;建设用地经济密度重心向西北转移;县市区层面建设用地经济密度分布存在显著空间自相关性,苏南地区主要表现为高值集聚,苏北地区表现为低值集聚。研究结论:区域差异统计分析与ESDA方法相结合能揭示城镇建设用地利用效率现状及演变的空间分异特征和规律。     

GIS支持下的珠江三角洲核心区建设用地遥感分析

研究目的：对改革开放30年以来珠江三角洲地区城镇空间及建设用地发展过程和总体特征进行梳理总结。研究方法：利用RS与GIS技术方法,提取珠江三角洲核心区1979、1990、1995、2000、2003、2006和2008年的用地信息,并划分城镇建成区。研究结果：（1）1979-2008年间,珠江三角洲核心区的非农建设用地增长了约53倍,城镇建成区增长了约65倍;（2）该地区非农建设用地及城镇建成区的增长速度均经历了由快到慢的过程,但相对于非农建设用地年均增量逐年递增的趋势,城镇建成区的年均增量具有阶段性;（3）珠江三角洲核心区城镇空间的增长模式经历了由1979-1990年间的分散发展到1990-2006年间的集聚发展,再到2006-2008年间的分散发展的空间转换;（4）在此期间,城镇空间整体表现出点状扩张到线状空间出现,再到形成密集发展带和都市建设圈层的动态演变。研究结论：本文可为区域协调发展决策与管理提供依据,同时也为进一步探寻本地区土地利用变迁和城镇空间发展演变的机制奠定了基础。     

基于分形模型的城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性研究——以湖北省老河口市为例

基于GIS空间分析平台,以分形理论为基础,运用分形模型分别对老河口市总体土地、城镇建设用地、耕地及其他土地利用类型进行分维数和稳定性指数测算,进而多角度分析城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性。结果显示:老河口市总体土地利用的空间稳定性较高;城镇建设用地受规划影响,布局集中规范,空间稳定性高;耕地连片分布,空间稳定性高,城镇化进程与耕地保护冲突性较小;其他土地利用类型分维数、稳定性指数差异较大,且对城镇建设用地和耕地的空间稳定性影响较大;城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性相关性大。     

新一轮土地利用总体规划修编重点及创新

新一轮土地利用总体规划在修编过程中,应根据我国工业化、城镇化的进程特点,在遵循各行各业和城镇发展规律的基础上,明确修编重点,创新规划编制理念。统筹安排各类用地,引导城乡用地合理布局,构建优美的生态环境,系统安排国土整治,注重景观设计,制作新型规划图件,建立土地规划分类并转换基数,构建图数一致的规划控制体系。同时要形成落实科学发展观,统筹协调用地观念;科学决策,保障规划的科学性和可操作性;并做好与相关规划的衔接。     

平谷区城镇建设用地生态经济适宜性评价方法

研究目的:从生态保护和经济发展的角度,研究城镇建设用地的适宜性评价指标体系和评价方法,以期为城市规划和土地利用总体规划的城镇发展用地合理布局和科学评价提供有效范式。研究方法:以GIS栅格技术为支撑,利用多因素加乘复合算法和互斥性矩阵分类方法进行城镇建设用地适宜性评价,利用对比分析法佐证评价方法与结果的有效性和合理性。研究结果:平谷区城镇建设空间布局可优化为优先建设区、适度建设区、控制建设区、适度保护区、重点保护区和禁止建设区,分别占全区总面积的22.97%、12.15%、11.69%、9.93%、12.90%和30.31%;城镇建设用地适宜程度在空间上呈圈层分布特征,由平原向四周的半山区和山区逐渐降低;评价结果与平谷区城市规划成果具有较好的一致性。研究结论:提出的评价方法对城镇建设用地适宜性评价是有效的,评价结果可以为城镇建设用地规划布局提供科学依据。     

基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置研究

研究目的：深化对主体功能区的认识,探讨基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置方法,为相关规划和政策研究提供参考。研究方法：GIS空间分析法、层次分析法、相关性分析法。研究结果：（1）计算出6126个网格单元、95个乡镇（街道）、6个市（区）的空间开发潜力指数以及泰州市极限建设用地容量;（2）建设用地预测建立在供给——需求关系之上,根据空间开发潜力指数和建设用地需求预测,计算出泰州市建设用地总量指标区域分配方案、城镇用地指标区域分配方案、建设用地城乡统筹方案。研究结论：空间开发潜力评价是主体功能区规划的基础,也是建设用地空间配置的重要依据;建设用地空间上的拓展与空间开发潜力指数基本呈正相关。     

中国城镇低效用地再开发的现实困境与理性选择

研究目的:深入分析城镇低效用地再开发面临的问题,总结地方实践创新经验,提出进一步推进城镇低效用地再开发的建议。研究方法:文献研究法和对比研究法。研究结果:中国城镇低效用地再开发面临资金短缺、产权复杂等现实困难,主要原因是规则的制约和缺失,对广东、浙江、辽宁3个省份集体建设用地管理、违法用地处理、出让方式改进等方面的创新进行了总结。研究结论:城镇低效用地再开发既是现实需要,又有一定的政策空间,应在全国层面完善集体建设用地管理、违法用地处理、土地出让和强制力运行等规则,按照科学规划、市场导向、利益共享的原则推进工作。     

城镇用地扩张的弹性规划控制研究——以安徽省滁州市南谯区为例

采用双因素预测模型、主成分聚类分析法、建设用地生态适宜性评价等方法,研究城镇用地扩张的规模和空间布局规划控制,以探讨具备适度弹性的城镇用地扩张规划控制的内容及模式。基于扩张经济和人口增长驱动双因素,运用GDP、非农人口弹性预测及单位用地GDP、单位用地非农人口控制构建扩张规模弹性方案预测模型;考虑经济社会发展和节约集约控制需求,选取扩张弹性控制等级分区指标,划分由相对扩张到相对收缩、有弹性到无弹性的分级弹性控制区,结合建设生态适宜性评价结果,识别城镇空间有序发展方向。结果表明:弹性控制方案下南谯区2010、2015、2020年建设用地扩张规模弹性度分别为5.81%、7.25%、8.34%,并将其划分为四级扩张弹性控制区,东南方向为扩张有序方向。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.