创新资金使用结构对创新产出的影响：基于中国区域工业企业的实证研究

基于创新价值链理论,将创新产出分为中间产出和最终产出,以2011-2017年我国内地28省份工业企业为研究对象,在控制创新资金规模不变的前提下,运用随机效应模型和门槛回归模型研究创新资金使用结构对创新产出的影响机理。结果发现：自主研发资金比例与专利申请量、新产品销售收入显著正相关,技术引进和技术购买资金比例对专利申请量影响不显著,技术引进和技术购买资金比例与新产品销售收入显著正相关,技术改造资金比例与专利申请量、新产品销售收入负相关;自主研发资金比例在专利申请量、新产品销售收入之间存在显著单一门槛效应,当自主研发资金比例跨越门槛值后,其对专利申请量的促进作用减小,而对新产品销售收入的促进作用增大。该结论从创新要素结构视角拓展区域创新理论,对提升区域工业企业创新产出水平具有一定借鉴作用。     

政府科技支出如何作用于区域创新能力？——区域创新中政府与企业、市场关系的思考

考虑区域创新中政府、企业及市场间的作用,理论分析中国政府科技支出对区域创新能力的影响及作用机理,采用30个省区（因数据缺失,未包含西藏地区及港澳台地区）2008—2020年面板数据以系统GMM模型和门槛效应模型检验其影响效应及非线性关系。研究表明：政府科技支出对区域创新能力有显著的激励作用和正向滞后效应;政府科技支出对区域创新能力的作用效力受到企业创新绩效、市场化程度的单门槛效应影响,存在效力发挥的关键期。研究有助于理清区域创新中政府与企业、市场的关系,对政府资金干预区域创新的形式作出思考,提升政府科技支出效率,增强区域创新能力。     

中国的城镇化推进与区域创新——来自卫星灯光数据的经验证据

基于卫星监测的夜间灯光数据构造的夜间灯光强度表征城镇化水平及专利授权数度量区域创新能力,利用2006—2017年中国286个地级市面板数据,就城镇化水平对区域创新的影响及其作用机制进行了实证考察.实证发现:①城镇化水平显著提升了区域创新能力,且这种正向作用具有显著的空间溢出效应和区域异质性;②城镇化对区域创新的促进作用存在门槛效应,当城镇化水平跨过单一门槛值,其对区域创新的作用逐渐增强;③中介效应模型检验结果显示,城镇化推进可以通过创新要素流动与产业结构升级来提升区域创新能力.研究结论为积极稳妥推进城镇化建设、促进创新型国家建设提供政策启示.     

科技企业孵化器何以激活区域创新——风险投资与孵化基金的中介作用

完善创新生态系统、提升区域创新能力是我国科技企业孵化器建设的重要目标。基于2013-2018年中国（内地）30个省份面板数据，采用面板数据模型实证检验科技企业孵化器是否促进了区域创新能力提升，并基于中介效应模型探讨风险投资和孵化基金在其中的间接作用。结果发现：①科技企业孵化器建设显著提升了区域创新水平，但主要增加的是实用新型和外观设计专利申请授权数总量，对发明专利申请授权数并没有显著促进作用。上述结果在剔除直辖市样本、采用随机效应模型及空间计量模型的稳健性检验后依然成立；②通过中介效应模型检验发现，区域风险投资和孵化基金集聚效应是科技企业孵化器影响区域创新水平的主要机制；③科技企业孵化器对区域创新的影响在不同区域间差异较大，在东部地区的创新激励效应更加显著，而且政策工具强度对科技企业孵化器与区域创新水平的关系具有正向调节作用。     

市场化进程驱动了企业家精神吗?

基于中国1997—2014年省级面板数据,笔者采用最小二乘法、固定效应模型及系统广义矩估计法检验了市场化进程对企业家精神的驱动效应.研究表明:市场化进程对企业家精神有正向效应,考虑到内生性问题亦然;分项指标中政府与市场关系对企业家创新精神有负向效应,对企业家创业精神有正向效应,金融、 法律、 税外负担及政府干预等四大制度环境提升了市场化进程对企业家精神的正向效应;而地区腐败则逆转了该正向效应,具体体现在其与市场化进程的交互作用对企业家的创业精神具有显著的负向效应,但该交互作用对创新精神的正向效应整体而言未受影响.     

创新要素集聚对区域协同创新的影响 ——政府控制的调节作用

利用空间计量模型和门槛面板模型,使用2008—2017年我国31个省、直辖市面板数据,实证研究创新人才要素集聚和创新资本要素集聚对区域协同创新的影响,分析政府控制的调节作用。研究发现,创新人才要素集聚和创新资本要素集聚对区域协同创新均具有显著正向影响,政府控制在其中起到正向调节作用,并且存在双重门槛,当政府控制力度低于门槛值时,调节作用非常显著,随着控制力度的增加,其调节作用逐渐减弱。     

分权体制下省级市场化进程影响因素探析——基于空间面板模型的实证研究

利用空间面板模型实证检验了分权体制下省级政府推动市场化进程的因素,并将财政分权、FDI和人均GDP对市场化进程的效应分解成直接效应和间接效应。研究发现,中央政府营造了一种较好的竞争氛围,促使省级政府加快市场化进程,省级政府市场化空间溢出效应显著为正。省级财政分权和省以下财政分权对省级市场化进程的影响显著为正,地方政府为了竞争FDI有动力推动市场化改革,同时,经济发展水平越高的地区,对市场化制度需求越强。     

中国工业行业间R&D溢出效应研究

本文根据中国工业行业的特征,从垂直溢出效应和水平溢出效应两个维度研究了本土工业行业间研发资本要素对研发产出的溢出效应,分别以专利申请数和新产品销售收入作为研发产出的代理变量进行检验。本文把垂直溢出效应分为前向溢出和后向溢出,利用投入产出矩阵中感应度系数和影响力系数的内在涵义构造空间权重矩阵,借助空间计量经济学方法,利用中国2003—2011年间33个工业行业的时空数据,寻找行业间两个维度的研发资本要素对研发产出溢出效应的特点。研究发现,无论是采用专利授权数或是新产品销售收入作为研发活动产出的代理变量,研发物质资本投入的水平溢出效应十分显著,而垂直溢出效应呈现前向溢出不显著、后向溢出显著的非对称特征。在同样的模型框架下探索了研发人力资本对研发活动产出溢出效应,同时还考察了运用新产品销售收入作为研发活动产出的代理变量,结果发现研发人力资本投入的水平溢出和垂直溢出效应均显著,显示出一定的对称特征。本文解释了实证结果所对应可能的经济现象并以此得出相应政策建议。     

全球价值链嵌入对区域创新的激励效应研究

强化全球价值链嵌入的创新激励效应,是实现区域经济高质量发展、助力区域创新能力提升的重要抓手。为此,文章立足于2011—2020年中国30个省份面板数据,采用基准回归模型、面板门槛模型,实证检验全球价值链嵌入对区域创新的激励效应。结果显示：全球价值链嵌入及其分解指数均能提升区域创新能力,但激励效果存在明显差异,其中前向关联参与度的正向激励效应更为显著。在异质性层面,全球价值链嵌入对区域创新的激励效应存在明显主体、区域和城乡异质性。在非线性特征层面,全球价值链嵌入在研发人员、政府支持和技术扩散单一门槛约束下,对区域创新的激励效应呈边际递增态势;在对外开放单一门槛约束下,则呈边际递减趋势。     

OFDI逆向技术溢出对辽宁省区域创新能力影响的实证分析

文章采用省级面板数据,对相关数据进行平稳性检验和内生性检验,运用面板门槛回归方法实证检验了OFDI逆向技术溢出对辽宁省区域创新能力的影响。通过回归分析结果可知在门槛变量的最优规制区间下OFDI逆向技术溢出对区域创新能力的效果更为显著,其余变量对区域创新能力的提高均为正向影响。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.