加入WTO有利于中国的贸易安全

贸易安全是指一个国家的国际贸易发展所面临的国内外环境，参与国际竞争促进本国经济发展和提高本国人民生活水平的能力及其为本国带来的相应的国际经济和政治地位。中国作为发展中国家加入WTO极有利中国的贸易安全，中国加入WTO后，要采取以经济建设为中心提高综合国力，构建和完善与WTO相一致的有中国特色的市场经济保障体系，面向国际市场制定经济发展新战略，制定和执行好国际经济政策，培养科技及精通国际经济法规人才等对策，才能在加入WTO后维护我国的贸易安全。     

The International Effects of China’s Growth,Trade and Education Booms

China’s international trade flows have increased by 500 per cent since 1992, far outstripping GDP growth. Likewise tertiary education enrolments have increased by 300 per cent. We simulate these changes using a multi‐sector growth model of the Chinese and USA economies. A decade of trade biased growth in China is found to raise USA GDP by approximately 3–4.5 percentage points and has a large impact on the demand for tertiary education in China. Despite these positive effects of growth, the results suggest that the expansion of China’s education sector per se has practically no long‐run impact on the USA economy.     

China＇s Fulfillment of the WTO Accession Commitments

In 2006 and 2007, China further lowered its tariff rate, increased market access to trade in services, and enhanced the transparency of its trade policy.     

China’s Foreign Trade: Perspectives From the Past 150 Years

This paper studies the trade of China in the past 150 years, starting from the first opening of China after the Opium War. The main purpose of the paper is to identify what is (and was) China’s ‘normal’ level of foreign trade, and how these levels changed under different trade regimes, from 1840 to the present. We present new evidence on China’s foreign trade during the treaty port era (1842–1948), drawn from disaggregated trade data collected by the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, that yields important findings for current research. First, although the volume of foreign trade remained limited initially, there was a notable expansion in the diversity of products, with many new goods being imported into China. Second, the regional diffusion of foreign goods through China was greatly facilitated by the expansions of the port system. Third, the importance of Hong Kong as an intermediary in China’s trade has undergone long‐term fluctuations suggestive of learning effects. China’s recent wave of liberalization has led by the early 1990s to a trade level comparable to the high of the 1920s. While much of China’s recent growth in world trade is in line with her income growth, there is no doubt that China’s trade openness today, comparable by some measures to Denmark’s, is a stunning reversal relative to the pre‐1978 and also the pre‐1840 period. The paper emphasises the roles that history and institutional change have played in this.     

入世与服务业对外开放的几点战略考虑

本文介绍了服务贸易总协定的基本框架、基本原则以及中国进行服务业市 场开放的基本的战略考虑。     

China’s Macroeconomic Imbalances: Causes and Consequences

In recent years, China has experienced two forms of extreme macroeconomic imbalance: an expenditure imbalance in the sense of very high investment and very low consumption, giving rise to rapid capital accumulation; and an imbalance between expenditure and production, producing external imbalance, i.e. a huge surplus on the current account of the balance of payments. Both imbalances imply a low rate of time discount by both government and society: consumption in the present is forgone in favour of consumption in the future. The paper examines how these imbalances came about and goes on to consider whether they can be sustained and how they might be redressed. There is no evidence that the rapid capital accumulation has reduced the rate of profit on capital and thus the incentive to invest. However, persistent external imbalance poses a threat to investment if it generates excess liquidity and asset bubbles. The current account surplus rose remarkably in the years 2004–07. This was associated with exogenous increases in competiveness and in saving, both attributable to the economic reform policies. On current policies, the surplus is likely to rise again once the world economy recovers from its recession. This poses three sorts of problems, each of which is examined in turn: difficulties for macroeconomic stabilisation policies; risk of capital loss on the foreign exchange holdings; and the threat of retaliation by China’s trading partners. A combination of internal and external policies will be required to redress the imbalance.     

Aggressive Legalism: The Rules of the WTO and Japan’s Emerging Trade Strategy

Over the course of the last decade there has been a significant change in Japan’s trade strategy, one that has remained seriously unappreciated for both its contents and its policy implications. The heart of this unfolding strategy is the active use of the legal rules in the treaties and agreements overseen by the WTO to counter what the Japanese government deems to be the unreasonable acts, requests, and practices of its major trade partners. To wit, the Japanese government is deliberately using both the procedural and substantive rules of the WTO to matter to the results and outcomes of major trade disputes involving Japan. And in a relatively short time, it has shown how these rules can be made to serve as both ‘shield’ and ‘sword’ in high‐profile trade disputes. This is the strategy that Japan has embraced as the principal means of dealing with its major trade partners, and it reveals much about both a new Japan and the power of international law.     

Financial Liberalisation and Growth in China’s Economic Reform

This paper summarises China’s financial liberalisation experience and examines the contributions of financial resources on economic growth during the post‐reform period. Financial liberalisation has resulted in the reallocation of the four sources of total investment in fixed assets: state budget appropriation, national bank loans, self‐raised funds, and foreign investment. We find that the growth of GDP and industrial production are positively related to the growth of self‐raised funds and foreign investment. We conclude that the use of foreign investment and funds raised by the enterprises themselves are more efficient than the government’s appropriation and provision of bank loans.     

俄罗斯加入世界贸易组织的影响与对策研究

经过多年的努力,俄罗斯有望于2011年加入世界贸易组织。俄罗斯加入世贸组织后将刺激中俄双方相互投资,两国的贸易方式将日趋正规化,劳务合作有望进一步扩大,但同时会令俄日用消费品市场竞争更加激烈,引进俄罗斯先进技术的难度将会增大。面对俄罗斯加入世贸组织的机遇和挑战,我国应转变思想观念和政府职能,发挥现有比较优势,促进产业升级与项目合作以及中俄经贸合作转型升级,重新审视俄罗斯市场,调整对俄合作策略。     

入世后中国彩电出口贸易的障碍与对策

入世以后,中国彩电的出口贸易发展十分迅速,但同时也遇到了一些来自国内外的贸易障碍。本文在介绍和归纳入世后中国彩电出口贸易的状况与特点的基础上,分析了我国彩电出口贸易中所遇到的主要障碍因素,并提出了跨越贸易障碍的对策。     

China＇s International Competitiveness of the Telecommunications Industry--After Its Seven-year Accession into the WTO

To the end of 2008, China＇s accession into WTO has been seven years. During those seven years, informationization has been upgraded globally, the acquisitions of transnational corporations, based on global strategy, are changing the pattern of the global communications industry. China is gradually opening up the telecommunications market according to its commitments when entering the WTO. At the same time, it is deepening the telecommunications system to promote effective competition.     

入世后我国农产品贸易持续逆差的实证研究

通过实证分析发现,我国农业贸易进口增长约是出口的两倍：高技术加工型农产品占据农产品进口的绝大多数,而劳动密集型农产品则主导着出口的大局;大多数农产品显性比较优势指数下滑迅速;农业面临的国际化竞争压力全面提升,产业内贸易竞争激烈。近期依然持续的贸易逆差是可以接受的。其当务之急在于提高农产品的国际竞争力。     

加入WTO后上海服务贸易发展的优劣势分析

服务贸易已成为开放国家和地区经济发展的引擎。本文通过对我国加入WTO之后 ,上海发展服务贸易面临的优劣势进行了分析 ,由此提出了发展上海服务贸易的若干建议。     

美国对华遏制和贸易秩序再平衡:对2019年WTO的回顾

2019年WTO受到了中美之间相互博弈的影响,美国要保持对中国的竞争优势并决心全面改革WTO,WTO成员围绕发展中国家特殊与差别待遇和上诉机构问题展开了激烈争论。这些变化透视出在WTO和中国问题上,美国的政策愈加趋于强硬,也更加不顾及损害多边贸易体制。回顾2019年的WTO,本文认为美国对华贸易政策出现了两面性:一方面是通过传统施压迫使中国更加开放,另一方面是通过关闭部分美国市场促使美国与中国实现半脱钩。中美之间的矛盾或者战略竞争在短期内不会结束,WTO的发展将持续处在美国的压力之下,多边贸易体系的信誉和价值将继续处于风险之中,重要原因是美国的决策者们认为现行的WTO规则一直在助力中国崛起,而这同美国遏制中国的目标相冲突。美国的贸易政策正日益变得以遏制中国为导向而不是以其国内经济发展需要为导向。