提高自主创新能力改变经济增长方式

本文认为,中国是一个制造大国,但并不是创造大国.目前我国对外技术依存度超过50%,技术进步对经济发展的制约越来越明显.增强自主创新能力,一是企业可以在引进、消化、吸收的基础上进一步创新,也可以通过国际并购等办法来提高技术水平,还可以正确利用政府采购等渠道来推动企业的技术创新.二是企业和政府互动,政府通过对军工科技的支持和军工技术转向民用带动技术发展和经济发展,或者直接兴办一些对科技进步和经济发展有重大带动意义的工程,或者运用财税、金融政策支持科技进步,或者采取其他手段如政府采购在招标中提出国产化率的要求等.三是加快经济体制改革和企业改革,尽快建立鼓励企业增加技术开发投入的政策环境,加大对企业技术开发投入的支持力度,加快企业改革,完善企业的决策机制,建立现代企业制度,形成科学的治理结构.四是建立并完善二板市场和风险投资机制,形成一批技术成果孵化器,使自主创新能力从研究走向应用,从应用形成生产能力,从生产能力走向市场,最后形成一个完整的产业链.     

文化与出口产品创新

本文实证分析了个人-集体主义文化对出口产品垂直型(质量)创新和水平型(多样性)创新的作用。在控制可能的测量误差和内生性后,本文发现个人-集体主义文化对出口产品垂直型创新并无显著影响,而对出口产品水平型创新具有显著影响,且这一结论具有稳健性。有鉴于此,本文根据比较优势原理讨论了不同文化国家出口产品创新的国际分工模式,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于企业销售经理薪酬制度的产品窜货研究

在企业营销实务中 ,窜货导致价格混乱和渠道受阻 ,从而影响品牌无形资产和企业的正常经营 ,对企业的危害极大。从销售经理的两种薪酬制度设计出发 ,建立简化模型进行定量分析 ,业绩报酬系统与产品市场特性的不匹配使得理性销售经理选择了窜货 ,但这种做法会造成价格体系混乱。     

Growth with Unused Capacity and Endogenous Capital Depreciation

The paper contributes to the debate on growth and distribution in a non‐mainstream perspective. It looks at the role that capacity utilization plays in the process of growth under the hypothesis that the rate of capital depreciation is a function of the degree of capacity utilization. Our hypothesis implies results partly different from those obtained by other models in which capacity utilization plays a key role. In particular, a varying rate of depreciation affects the conditions under which distributional changes in favor of wages affect the rate of growth positively.     

产品差异化策略与企业自主创新

文章指出,产品差异化策略对企业自主创新战略的实施具有重要意义,它为企业自主创新战略指明了方向,提供了思维模式、具体途径和良好的市场发展前景。用产品差异化策略实施企业自主创新战略,应设计不同功能和效用的产品,对产品外形、颜色、款式等实行差异化,使用不同的新材料,实施产品包装装潢差异化,实施营销策略差异化,实施产品服务差异化,实施产品品牌和商标差异化,将产品的标准化与差异化相结合来创造差异化。     

对外直接投资、市场分割与产能过剩治理

本文基于产能利用率在生产侧与消费侧进行分解,测算了中国31个省市区的工业部门产能过剩指数,并采用可以有效控制内生性问题的系统广义矩估计方法考察了对外直接投资、市场分割以及其他因素对产能过剩的影响,结果表明:由于生产侧技术效率损失与消费侧供大于求,产能过剩现象在中国各地区普遍存在;生产技术水平较高、消费能力较强两个因素导致东部地区的产能过剩程度远低于中西部地区;对外直接投资、出口比重、创新投入比重的提升可以缓解产能过剩现象;而地方保护导致的市场分割、过度投资将恶化产能过剩现象。市场分割程度的上升将会弱化对外直接投资对产能过剩的缓解作用。因此治理产能过剩需要弱化地方政府干预经济的能力,消除市场分割,加速建立中国统一的消费市场,并且在此基础上鼓励中国工业企业的海外投资行为。     

Product Innovation in Small and Large Enterprises

Innovation networks, establishment characteristics and the regional environment are likely to play different roles in product innovation in enterprises of different size. This paper focuses on the influence of the regional environment on the early adoption of micro-electronic components in product development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs). Drawing upon existing literature we compare the role of enterprise characteristics, innovation networks and, in particular, the regional environment for an early use of micro-electronic components in product development in SMEs and LEs using a tobit model. Our central hypothesis is that SMEs are more dependent upon their regional environment than LEs for an early adoption. However, this hypothesis is rejected by our empirical results that show that location in a large, dense region has a significant positive effect on product innovation in LEs, while it has a negative but non-significant effect on product innovation in SMEs. Our results imply peripheral regions are able to provide an innovative environment for SMEs, whereas LEs need the richer environment offered by the core regions. The results are also interesting from a policy point of view because they indicate that SMEs can be early users of new technologies even if they are located outside the large urban areas.     

Scientific Paradigms,Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Cycles in Economic Growth

In this paper I present a model of economic growth that combines insights from endogenous growth theory, the field of entrepreneurship research and the philosophy and economics of science. The model is built on three relatively standard assumptions and a Kuhnian approach to scientific knowledge accumulation. I assume that innovation generates economic growth, that opportunity driven entrepreneurship is an important source of innovation, that entrepreneurial opportunities increasingly arise out of scientific knowledge creation and that science follows Kuhnian paradigm shifting dynamics. The model then generates opportunity driven cycles in entrepreneurial activity that in turn cause waves of innovation and cycles in economic growth. This result is highly relevant and fills a gap in all three literatures as ‚traditional’ endogenous growth models typically generate constant growth rates in the steady state, entrepreneurship research keeps the origin of entrepreneurial opportunity exogenous and the literatures on the philosophy and economics of science ignore the important downstream economic implications of the non-profit driven institutional framework that governs scientific knowledge accumulation. This paper contributes by identifying scientific institutions and entrepreneurial activity as prerequisites for economic growth and it offers a tentative explanation for the rise and fall in the levels of scientific, entrepreneurial and economic activity over the Kondratieff-cycle.      

化解过剩产能的路径:出口抑或对外直接投资

如何平稳化解企业过剩产能是经济新常态下我国企业能否实现良性发展所面临的重要现实难题,而出口和对外直接投资则是解决这一问题可供选择的两个重要路径.本文分析了出口与对外直接投资化解过剩产能的内在机制,并基于2007-2015年中国A股上市公司面板数据,比较了出口与对外直接投资对企业化解过剩产能的差异化影响.研究结果显示:提升对外出口水平仍是削减企业过剩产能的主要突破口,而对外直接投资尚未成为企业化解过剩产能的主要路径.虽然出口增加对化解过剩产能存在一定的负向反馈效应,但这一负向作用并没有抵销出口对化解过剩产能的正向作用.尽管从理论上看,对外直接投资与出口相比,更能够化解企业过剩产能,但我国企业对外投资的时间短、总量小,尚未对消化过剩产能产生显著影响.上述结论在使用多个估计方法、替换变量测度方法等分析后仍然是稳健的.本文研究为客观评估出口与对外直接投资对化解过剩产能的影响提供了一个微观层面的经验证据,同时也为进一步合理消化过剩产能提供了有益的路径参考和政策启示.     

产品创新:谨防陷入沼泽地

<正>在美国纽约的"失败产品博物馆"里,高达8万多件"失败产品"静候人们反思。其中不乏很多大公司的产品,功能强大,或很新奇。博物馆提供了这样一个数字:美国每年推向市场的新产品达54000多种,而真正受到青睐的只有20%。     

Unpacking Open Innovation: Absorptive Capacity,Exploratory and Exploitative Openness,and the Growth of Entrepreneurial Biopharmaceutical Firms

In this article, we explore the relationship between two key aspects of open innovation in small firms—absorptive capacity (ACAP) and external relationships—and their effects on growth in the U.S. and European biopharmaceutical sectors. Results from an international sample of 349 biopharmaceutical firms surveyed in the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany suggest that realized ACAP plays an important role in determining firms’ growth. In terms of the interaction between firms’ ACAP and external relationships, we find that engagement with exploratory relationships depends strongly on the continuity of R&D, while participation in exploitative relationships is more conditional on firms’ realized ACAP.     

Viability of Traditional Banking Activities: Evidence from Shifts in Conduct and Excess Capacity

This paper applies modem statistical techniques to estimate levels and shifts of market conduct and aggregate excess capacity in the provision of traditional US banking products such as loans and demand deposits. A variety of models indicate that loans are competitively supplied, with no obvious excess capacity as defined. Some models indicate an anticompetitive shift in demand deposits after 1984, but other evidence suggests that this result may be an artifact attributable to the growth of NOW accounts, MMDAs, and the like. All results suggest that the current levels of these services can be profitably sustained under current market conditions.     

Communicating Sensory Attributes and Innovation Through Food Product Labeling

This article explores the influence of food product packaging on consumers’ sensory expectations and perceived newness of the product. Two experiments examine to what extent consumers use product typicality, graphical representations, and package typicality in evaluating new food products. Study 1 finds that (1) a typical flavor induces more positive expectations of pleasantness, taste, color, and smell, and (2) the presence of graphic representation on product labels increases perceived pleasantness but does not affect sensory expectations. Study 2 indicates that the product seems newer in the absence of a package (label-only condition), but when the product packaging is presented, an atypical package conveys more newness than a typical package. These results provide practical guidelines for the design and introduction of innovative food products.     

金融产品创新:历程、机制与策略

本文从理论上探讨了金融产品创新的动因,对国际银行金融产品创新的发展历程进行了简要梳理,阐述了各个阶段金融产品创新的主要原因、特点和主要创新品种。在此基础上,从体制机制、创新策略、组织人力、风险管理等方面,对我国商业银行如何进一步提升金融产品创新能力提出了有关建议。     

经济下行中进口激增、产能过剩对我国煤炭价格的影响

以我国2000年～2015年煤炭价格为研究对象,分析了经济下行压力、煤炭进口量与进口价格以及产能过剩等因素对我国国内煤炭价格的影响.研究发现,煤炭进口价格是影响国内煤炭价格的最显著性因素,煤炭进口、经济下行压力都对国内煤炭价格有一定的影响.要求我国政府加强对煤炭行业的宏观调控,煤炭企业有效配置资源、制定正确经营战略、规避市场风险,缓解经济下行压力下进口激增、产能过剩对我国煤炭价格的冲击.     

新产品导入市场战略创新--基于经济租耗散与核心竞争力资源优势的理论分析

本文对传统的市场营销学中有关新产品导入市场战略问题进行重新诠释,用古典经济租存在性、准租金耗散和核心竞争力理论说明不同厂商在新产品导入市场过程中,应如何理性选择相应的竞争合作战略,并指出成功实施新产品导入市场战略的主要条件.     

Radical Product Innovation in the Dutch Food Industry

Abstract

This paper examines the adoption of radical food production systems in the Dutch food industry. It is argued that radical innovations are of major importance to contribute to the increase of growth and competitiveness. A model was developed to test which factors influence the adoption of radical product innovations, in particular health enhancing food products. It includes organizational and environmental factors derived from literature that influence the adoption of radical innovations. Results indicate that differences in firms' organizational factors determine the adoption of radical product innovations. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.     

Product Innovation and Small Business Growth: A Comparison of the Strategies of German,U.K. and Irish Companies

Innovation in small firms is important both because of its direct contribution to the competitiveness of those companies but also because of the potential for the small firm sector to act as the initiator, catalyst and medium for wider technical change. In this paper data from the Product Development Survey, a new international survey of firms' product innovation activity and strategy, is used to examine the relationship between product innovation and growth in German, Irish and U.K. small firms. In each country the output of innovative small firms was found to grow significantly faster than that of non-innovators. In Germany, output growth was achieved by a product innovation strategy which sharply increased productivity but reduced employment. U.K. and Irish small firms adopted a more balanced approach with increases in both employment and productivity associated with innovative behaviour. Comparison of the organisation of product innovation indicated that German small firms adopted a less market-oriented, less risky, and more formally organised approach than their U.K. and Irish counterparts. The revealed characteristics of U.K. and Irish small firms suggested that they may be the most effective initiators and catalysts for wider technological change. The larger proportion of German small firms which were innovating, however, suggested that the German small firm sector may be the more effective technology transfer medium.     

美国物质产品生产部门产能过剩变动趋势及其原因的经验分析

1990-2011年美国采掘业、制造业和公用事业的资本积累和产出不断增长．但这种增长的背后却存在越来越严重的产能过剩问题。为了解释这一现象,笔者提出二个假定并进行统计检验,结果表明三部门的产能过剩主要归因于生产部门整体资本有机构成、三部门自身的利润率和资本积累的变化。此分析结果对于区分中国产能过剩形成过程中政府和市场的不同作用有一定借鉴意义。     

外国直接投资与自主创新能力——基于我国西部地区企业面板数据实证分析

从20世纪80年代开始,我国西部地区为吸引外资实施了"以市场换技术"的战略.在这种战略下,自主创新的积极性却十分有限,虽然较以往相比,西部地区的技术水平总体有所提高,但这种提高是否是受外商直接投资(FDI)的影响仍值得学术界认真思考.本文通过收集2004-2008年问我国西部地区的面板数据,分析考察了外商直接投资对我国西部地区自主创新能力的影响,认为外商直接投资对我国西部地区的自主创新产生了负面效应.