国外野外地质工作后勤保障标准分析

对比美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、俄罗斯四国相关的野外地质工作后勤保障安全指南、规程等发现,四国野外地质工作后勤保障标准均是在其《职业安全与健康法》基础上制定的,内容主要包括餐饮、住宿、医疗与急救、通讯等方面。这些标准的主要特点有:常态化的宣传教育,多类型的个体防护用品标准,严格的食品安全标准、合适的生活居住区域。制定我国野外地质工作后勤保障标准的建议:(1)建立野外地质工作后勤保障标准体系,推进野外后勤装备标准化建设;(2)明确野外后勤保障经费来源,促进野外地质工作后勤保障能力建设;(3)制定野外后勤保障标准体系应合理分区,确保标准的可操作性。     

关于改善公益性野外地质工作人员生活待遇的建议

公益性野外地质工作是一项基础性的艰苦工作,是关系到国家资源、环境以及民生的一项重要事业;进入新世纪以来,经济快速发展,人民生活水平普遍提高,公益性野外地质工作人员的生活待遇需要随之相应改善;目前公益性野外地质工作人员生活中存在着物质生活苦、山区作业险等问题,改善公益性野外地质工作人员生活待遇,关系到公益性野外地质工作人员身心健康、我国矿业开发程度、地质人才培养等重大问题.应从改善物质生活、丰富精神生活、改善野外地质工作装备、建立激励和约束机制等方面,改善公益性野外地质工作人员的生活待遇,以促进地质找矿工作的大发展.     

地质科技创新值得注意的几个问题

地质科技创新是地勘生产力发展的关键,没有地质科技的创新,地勘经济就很难向更高的层次发展。要加强地质科技创新,促进地质科技进步,就需要我们加强高素质人才的培养以达到人才创新,培育创新文化以达到意识创新;还要培育学习能力、提高管理的地位和作用;并通过野外调查与室内研究相结合,获取新资料与老资料的二次开发相结合,发挥老专家的作用与培育年轻新人相结合,产学研相结合的方式来加强基础地质工作。     

深化地勘改革 加快发展的若干建议

当前,地勘单位改革发展进入攻坚阶段,地勘行业主管部门和地勘单位自身都必须进一步解放思想,转变观念,为地勘行业谋求、探索科学发展之路.建议:(1)创造良好的外部环境,大力支持地勘单位的改革和发展:(2)坚持改革方向,积极探索改革发展的实现形式;(3)加强地质勘查行业管理,促进地勘产业发展;(4)充分发挥地方公益性地质调查队伍在地勘单位改革发展中的作用;(5)扩大服务,做大做强地勘主业:(6)改善野外地质工作条件,提高野外人员待遇;(7)构建地质勘查工作新机制;(8)重奖地质找矿有功的单位和找矿人员.     

野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统应用初探——基于北斗卫星定位系统

基于北斗导航定位系统而建立的野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统,拥有完全自主知识产权,具备更优良的监控效果,可实现北斗通讯和导航信息的实时显示、通讯历史记录和工作轨迹的查询、野外地质调查人员的联络与定位等;管理部门利用该系统可查询野外作业人员的地理位置和工作情况,对野外作业人员的人身安全和救援提供决策支撑。详细介绍了北斗卫星导航系统的特点、功能,并通过野外现场试验分析说明了该系统能够在几种不同自然环境下实现稳定的定位监控和有效的短信互通,从而认为该系统在地质调查领域具有广阔的应用优势。     

地质工作改革探索与发展展望

本文论述了公益性地质工作与商业性地质工作分开、地勘队伍属地化管理的客观必然性 ,分析了属地化管理后地质勘查工作的新格局和新变化 ,对地质工作改革与发展进行了展望 ,提出了建立和完善国家地质工作体系、加速完善地质勘查市场体系、实现地勘单位企业化 ;加强政府宏观调控等项政策建议。     

丰富多彩的地质旅行路线

丰富多彩的地质旅行路线第三十届国际地质大会秘书局地质旅行路线是历届国际地质大会的主要内容之一，是主办国展示其地质特征、地质研究水平、地质工作成就的极好机会。近几届国际地质大会均有上千人参加地质旅行。因此，主办国对野外地质旅行路线的安排和组织部极为重视...     

浅议我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务

实物地质资料与成果地质资料和原始地质资料一样,是地质工作成果的重要组成部分。在对实物地质资料管理与社会化服务基本认识的基础上,分析了我国实物地质资料管理现状与制约其社会化服务的问题,提出了加强我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务的对策建议。     

公益性与商业性地质工作经济学区分

根据经济学公共物品和私人物品理论分析,公益性地质工作与商业性地质工作的内涵有显著的差异,各有不同的经济学特性;公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作在一定前提下二者互为统一,但区别是主要的。区分公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作有利于公益性地质工作和商业性地质工作的分体运行和管理;有利于地质调查规划和项目的管理;有利于理顺、明确国家地质调查和企业地勘工作投资渠道;有利于消除思想障碍,加快地质调查机构和地质勘查单位的体制改革和建设。     

新时期实物地质资料管理的指导思想

实物地质资料是国家花费巨大投入取得的宝贵信息资源,对其进行充分利用,可以提高地质工作效率,取得显著的社会效益和经济效益。实物地质资料管理属公益性地质工作。新时期实物地质资料管理的指导思想是:统一领导,分级负责;与成果地质资料管理等相关工作协调配合;以藏品为基础,以信息技术为手段,以服务为目的;打破资料封锁,推进信息共享;有效保护与充分利用相结合;实现规范化、科学化、现代化。以这些思想为指导,把我国实物地质资料管理推进到新的阶段,为地质工作和国民经济发展发挥应有的作用。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目