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1.
  总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m3/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m3/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m3/year.  相似文献   

2.
曹东勃 《财经科学》2010,(3):95-102
东北地区在我国粮食生产和调配方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。国务院常务会议通过《吉林省增产百亿斤商品粮能力建设总体规划》,标志着东北地区成为保障国家粮食安全的重要增量因素。然而,东北地区水资源占有量又与其粮食主产区的地位和需要极不相称,以占全国9%的农业用水创造了全国16%的粮食产出。靠天吃饭、干旱缺水已成为东北农业生产的最大威胁。应当通过促进农艺抗旱节水措施的应用、加强农业用水服务管理的效率、不失时机地推进种植结构的调整等渠道,突破水资源瓶颈,发展现代高水效农业。  相似文献   

3.
我国技术工人短缺状况分析及对策研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
统计数据表明,技术工人特别是高级技术工人短缺现象已经遍及全国。该问题使很多中国企业人力资源结构面临挑战,甚至已经成为制约一些行业、一些地区经济发展的瓶颈。针对这一现状,从社会、企业、职业教育3个方面分析了原因,并有针对性地提出了改变技术工人短缺状况的的建议和对策。  相似文献   

4.
本文从能源节约、水资源节约、原材料节约、土地资源节约、矿产资源节约、循环经济等六个方面构建了资源节约型矿区评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法与模糊综合评判法建立了评价模型。然后通过枣庄矿业集团的实地调研数据,运用上述评价模型,最终得出评价结果。并针对调研结果,提出相关改进意见。  相似文献   

5.
China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration (SPUA) as a case study area analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization sueh as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and saltwater intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainabilitv in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as constructing modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resouree between cities, adjnsting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry. improving water use efficiency to rednce fresh water consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system, and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.  相似文献   

6.
2008年1月中下旬,南非突然爆发电力短缺危机,各界为之震动.本文简要介绍了此次危机的情况,解析了危机发生的原因,阐述了南非政府为应对此次突发电力短缺危机所采取的各项措施,并提出了相关建议.  相似文献   

7.
China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration (SPUA) as a case study area, analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization such as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and salt-water intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and "water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainability in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resource between cities, adjusting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry, improving water use efficient to reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system. and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.  相似文献   

8.
Potential changes in global and regional agricultural water demand for irrigation were investigated within a new socio-economic scenario, A2r, developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) with and without climate change, with and without mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Water deficits of crops were developed with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)–IIASA Agro-ecological Zone model, based on daily water balances at 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude and then aggregated to regions and the globe. Future regional and global irrigation water requirements were computed as a function of both projected irrigated land and climate change and simulations were performed from 1990 to 2080. Future trends for extents of irrigated land, irrigation water use, and withdrawals were computed, with specific attention given to the implications of climate change mitigation. Renewable water-resource availability was estimated under current and future climate conditions. Results suggest that mitigation of climate change may have significant positive effects compared with unmitigated climate change. Specifically, mitigation reduced the impacts of climate change on agricultural water requirements by about 40%, or 125–160 billion m3 (Gm3) compared with unmitigated climate. Simple estimates of future changes in irrigation efficiency and water costs suggest that by 2080 mitigation may translate into annual cost reductions of about 10 billion US$.  相似文献   

9.
Water allocation by social choice rules: The case of sequential rules   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
This paper considers the problem of allocating shares of irrigation water to different agricultural agents with single-peaked preferences with respect to their own shares. We define two different sequential allocation rules that respect the asymmetry between the agents and maintain the properties of Pareto efficiency and strategy-proofness, and we design a specific algorithm to apply these rules. The results of the empirical application of these rules for the case of an irrigated area located in the Ebro Basin (Spain) show that the designed sequential rules are able to substantially improve the efficiency of the currently applied proportional rule in context of severe scarcity of water and/or high administrative water prices.  相似文献   

10.
基于上海市1 446份农民工调查样本,应用描述性统计分析方法,从公共交通、医疗卫生、子女教育以及文化娱乐等方面,对农民工占用城市公共资源情况做了实证分析。研究发现,大量涌入城市的农民工确实占用了部分城市公共资源或公共服务,但这种占用是有限的,农民工并没有大量占有或公平享有城市的公共资源或公共服务。因此,完善制度设计,逐步实现农民工较公平、充分的享有城市公共资源,对于从根本上解决中国农民工“候鸟式”迁移以及城镇化战略的实现,都具有重要意义。  相似文献   

11.
提出了地铁工程的公共资源节约问题,设计了RCA模型,把地铁项目公共资源消耗问题的研究代换为对其全寿命周期成本LCC问题的研究;设计和使用CPFL模型建立LCC问题与功能缺陷之间的关联,实证获得地铁项目的建设活动性功能缺陷,指出克服这些缺陷是公共资源节约管理的任务.  相似文献   

12.
罗军 《经济前沿》2011,(2):131-140
2005年以后,中国结束了长达50多年的短缺经济,进入产能过剩与资源约束为主的新短缺经济阶段,主要体现为"生产资料与生活资料生产能力双过剩"和"资源性生产要素与基础设施、公共服务供给双短缺"并存。1978年改革开放以后,中国经济经历了一个从短缺经济——后短缺经济——新短缺经济的演化过程。第一,1978-1996年,短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的双短缺;第二,1996-2005年,后短缺阶段,主要表现为生活资料基本过剩,而生产资料存在短缺和不足;第三,2005年以后,新短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的"双过剩",资源约束与市场约束"双约束"逐渐成为我国经济发展的主要制约性因素。  相似文献   

13.
This paper presents an agent-based model of the diffusion of water-saving innovations. The empirical foundation of this model is a study, which was carried out for that specific purpose. As an example case, the diffusion of three water-related innovations in Southern Germany was chosen. The model represents a real geographic area and simulates the diffusion of showerheads, toilet flushes, and rain-harvesting systems. Agents are households of certain lifestyles, as represented by the Sinus-Milieus® from commercial marketing. Agents use two different kinds of decision rules to decide upon adoption or rejection of the modeled innovations: A cognitively demanding deliberate decision rule and a very simple decision heuristic. Thus, the model integrates concepts of bounded rationality. The overall framework for decision-making is the Theory of Planned Behavior, which has been elaborated using innovation characteristics from diffusion research. The model was calibrated with empirical data stemming from a questionnaire survey and validated against independent data. Scenarios for the nearer future show that water-saving innovations will diffuse even without further promotion, and different promotion strategies that relate specifically to both innovations and lifestyles can be pointed out.  相似文献   

14.
水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源。水权制度在实现水资源多元价值方面发挥着不可替代的作用,是解决我国水问题的关键所在。但目前我国与水权相关的理论研究与实践才刚刚起步,有关水权制度的立法更是薄弱,亟待完善。本文试图通过分析我国水权制度立法现状,并就进一步完善我国水权制度的立法提出了若干建议。  相似文献   

15.
The Sultan Marshes in the Develi Basin, Anatolia, one of twelve internationally important wetlands of Turkey, have been severely affected by the construction of an irrigation project in 1988. Intensive use of surface and ground water in irrigation has caused more than a 1 m decline in water levels and has affected the wetlands' ecological characteristics. Previous studies indicate that Sultan Marshes will need more water to restore viable ecological conditions. In this study, we analyze how economic benefits from agriculture and wetlands would be affected if moderate amounts of water were diverted from agriculture back to wetlands in the Develi Basin. By estimating total and marginal costs and benefits associated with water diversions, we determined the optimum or economically-efficient amount of water diversion. When only direct-use values of the wetland (animal grazing, plant harvesting, and ecotourism) were included in the analysis, the optimum amount of water diversion to the wetlands was found to be 5.2 million m3 year− 1 (165 L sec− 1), which compares to about 62 million m3 year− 1 (1,957 L sec− 1) used in irrigation. When wastewater treatment benefits (an indirect-use value) were added, the optimum amount rose to 7 million m3 year− 1. Overall, the analysis showed that water diversion from agriculture to the Sultan Marshes is economically preferable.  相似文献   

16.
This paper introduces water accounting as produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It provides information about the ABS Water Accounts and highlights the many other organisations involved in the provision and use of water related data in Australia. The ABS Water Accounts have built upon previous reports on Australian water resources and the System of Environment and Economic Accounting [UN (United Nations) 2003. Draft Handbook Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting. Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 61, Rev. 1. United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Bank. New York.]. Information from the ABS Water Accounts is presented along with examples of their use in economic analyses designed to inform public debate and government decision-makers.A key feature of the Australian environment is that water is relatively scarce when compared with other inhabited continents. Rainfall displays a high level of spatial and temporal variability and droughts are common. In 2004 an Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative (NWI) was reached by Australia's national and eight state and territory governments. The NWI aims to address environmental, economic and social concerns about the current and future state of Australia's water resources. The NWI specifically calls for the preparation of annual water accounts, which clearly indicates the expected usefulness of national and regional water accounts.  相似文献   

17.
当前,全球面对金融危机和气候变化的双重挑战,需要各国的共同努力来建立一个新的全球经济、贸易和发展体系。对中国而言,资本市场对创新的忽视一直是使中国经济中的短板,是制约技术创新的瓶颈因素之一。中国发展绿色经济,既是实现科学发展的重要契机,也是实现大国崛起的重要契机。  相似文献   

18.
    
Worldwide, improved sources of drinking water are still lacking for 663 million people. With Malawi as a case study, we aim to address the scarcity of data available to understand the full cost and options of drinking water at a regional level covering both urban and rural areas. We studied options in the northern region of Malawi under the following thematic areas: urban piped water, water wells, handpump spare part supply networks, household point-of-use water treatment, the cost of entering a water business and capacity building in science education. Primary locally sourced data were collected as well as secondary publically available data. Additionally, local markets were surveyed for spare part networks. This research has shown that when looking at water resource economics in northern Malawi, it is not a monopoly and options are available at a range of costs. The data challenge policy-makers to reach the last 10% of the population still lacking improved drinking water. This will require a combination of expansion of urban piped water infrastructure, new boreholes in rural areas, increased handpump functionality rates, scale-up of household drinking water point-of-use treatment and growth of local universities to train local experts within the sector.  相似文献   

19.
煤炭是我国的基础能源和重要原料,在开采环节提高煤炭开采效率、有效回收地下呆滞资源、降低煤炭生产排放水平是我国能源经济健康持续发展的关键,也是能源税收政策调控的重点。从煤炭企业节能减排实践与资源税政策的矛盾出发,列示了促进煤炭企业节能减排和生态保护的资源税调控政策理论依据、政策依据及经验依据,设计了促进煤炭企业节能减排的资源税政策方案,期望对即将开展的煤炭资源税改革提供理论依据。  相似文献   

20.
进入后短缺时期的中国经济   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5  
本文首先提出中国经济运行已由“短缺时期”进入“后短缺时期”,继而对“后短期时期”的定义、特征、阶段进行了全方位的概括与总结,提出了“双二元结构困境”是“后短缺时期”的主要矛盾,并提出解决问题的方法--“换单操作”。  相似文献   

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