浅谈组织力量的构成、博弈和平衡

<正>在一个组织、企业、国家乃至社会中总是存在各种有形的、无形的不同力量,这些力量的存在构成了这个组织纷繁复杂的属性,也引导和决定着该组织的性质、     

包装的外在属性与商品促销

商品包装的属性分外在属性和内在属性,外在属性包括包装的材料、色彩、文字和造型等;内在属性包括包装的保护性和广告性.而广告性通过材料、色彩文字和造型的综合应用得到表达,从而对商品起到促销作用.     

包装的外在属性与商品促销

商品包装的属性分外在属性和内在属性,外在属性包括包装的材料、色彩、文字和造型等;内在属性包括包装的保护性和广告性。而广告性通过材料、色彩文字和造型的综合应用得到表达,从而对商品起到促销作用。     

曲率属性在地球物理勘探中的应用

曲率属性是一种新兴的地震属性,近年来在国内得到了广泛的应用。本文从曲率属性的概念出发,对国内常用的13类曲率类属性的定义、用途、特点进行了详细论述,最后对曲率属性在实际应用中的重要细节及认识作了简要汇总。     

基于油田化学剂分类及命名规范的产品属性池设定与应用建议

目前在用的油田化学剂分类命名和属性设置在实际使用过程中存在诸多问题,根据SY/T 5822—2021《油田化学剂分类及命名规范》提出的“油田化学剂分类及命名规范”,将油田化学剂国家标准、行业标准和部分企业标准中产品性能指标统一引入属性池,并将属性池中属性划分为通用属性和专用属性,依据产品特点在属性池中选择合适的属性,从而实现产品性能的准确描述。     

商品属性视角下的现代服务业发展——基于商品属性分割与组合理论的分析

商品、服务乃至生产是包含满足人类需求的多种属性的组合。随着经济发展与社会进步可以对这些属性进行分割、组合。新经济条件下消费行为更加个性化,消费者希望在消费产品物质属性的过程中能得到精神层面的满足,希望得到更多的体验和感受。因而通过商品属性的分割、组合发展现代服务业成为可能,在新经济条件下成为现实。发展现代服务业可以对商品的属性进行分割,也可以通过组合其他属性增加某种商品的属性。利用商品属性的分割、组合发展现代服务业时要突出消费者的参与意识、增加各种体验和感受、增加服务的文化内涵。     

基于复杂社会网络分析的产品部门中间人属性研究

论文根据北京市近年来的投入产出数据,结合图论建模理论构建了产业结构网络模型。然后,通过对经典的Floyd路径搜索算法进行改进,得到了衡量产业部门之间强关联程度的网络模型,称之为产业间最强关联网络。在此基础上,论文结合社会网络分析范式,对产品部门和网络整体的中间人属性进行了研究,从协调属性、中介属性、内联属性、外联属性和联络属性等5个方面分析了产业系统内部产业链的联接状况和紧密程度。     

现代企业管理人、财、物关系浅析

随着改革开放的不断深入 ,社会主义市场经济体制的逐渐完善 ,我国经济发展正经历着深刻变革。企业管理者必须对人、财、物三个相关因素作重新思考 ,用新的观念来指导生产实践 ,同时规避各类风险 ,以获取最大的经济利益。作者在文中对现代企业中人、财、物的属性及关系均进行了客观而理性的分析 ,并提出了“以人为本 ,科学理财 ,物尽其用”的正确观点。这个观点在国企改革的新阶段 ,无疑是值得采纳的。———本栏首席主持　李协定     

职工工作拖延行为与治理策略

围绕职工拖延行为,从职工个体属性、工作属性、组织属性3个维度探讨了职工工作拖延的内在行为特征和相互关系,并有针对性地提出企业治理职工工作拖延行为的管理策略。     

基于多属性逆向拍卖的大型复杂工程项目承包商选择研究

本文引入多属性逆向拍卖理论来解决大型复杂工程项目承包商选择的问题， 将承包商选择问题看作以工程建设业主为买方、 承包商为卖方、 拍卖物是承包建设服务的多属性逆向拍卖过程， 从而建立多属性逆向拍卖模型。 通过对模型的求解， 得出多属性逆向拍卖中开发商和承包商各自的最优决策。     

Organizational Attributes,Market Growth,and Product Innovation

Extensive research has shown that organizational attributes affect product innovation. Extending this literature, this article delimits two general categories of organizational attributes and relates them to product innovation. Organizational attributes can be either control oriented or flexibility oriented. Control‐oriented organizational attributes strive to realize organizational activities as intended, while flexibility‐oriented attributes allow organizational activities to emerge in a directed way. The classical institutional theory suggests that organizational attributes, no matter whether they are control oriented or flexibility oriented, serve two major functions: a constraining function and an enabling function. Recognizing the dual functions of organizational attributes, this article argues that both types of organizational attributes are indispensable for the functioning of innovative organizations and that the impacts of control‐oriented organizational attributes on product innovation decrease with market growth, while the impacts of flexibility‐oriented organizational attributes on product innovation increase with market growth. Empirical results largely support these hypotheses. Strategic planning, as a control‐oriented organizational attribute, is positively associated with product innovativeness, regardless of the market growth rate. The effectiveness of other organizational attributes, including formalization and organizational redundancy, varies with market conditions. As the rate of market growth increases, formalization becomes less effective for, but never becomes detrimental to, product innovativeness. Conversely, as the rate of market growth increases, organizational redundancy becomes more effective for product innovativeness. Overall, the results show that both control‐oriented and flexibility‐oriented elements are indispensable for the design of innovative organizations.     

Information,Promotion, and the Adoption of Innovative Consumer Durables*

The diffusion of innovative new products is critically dependent on the transmission of relevant information to potential adopters. Existing research indicates that the relative effectiveness of different communication tools depends on the type of information being communicated. Written and verbal communication tools can be effective when consumers make adoption decisions based on search attributes. However, when adoption depends on experience attributes, marketers must find ways to effectively expose consumers to these attributes. In this paper the authors explore the effectiveness of promotional incentives in motivating consumers to engage in behaviors that should increase their understanding of an innovation's experience attributes. To the authors' knowledge, the research described here is the first published study of the relative effectiveness of different promotional vehicles in stimulating adoption of a consumer durable. The empirical analysis is based on data collected in a real‐world experiment involving 614 households. Just over half of these households received a free DVD movie disc as an incentive to participate in the study. The authors assigned the participating households to four treatment groups of 100 households each and a control group of 214 households. The households in the treatment groups received one of four promotional offers that featured some form of a $50 monetary incentive. These promotional offers differed in the degree to which they encouraged behavior that exposed consumers to the experience attributes of a DVD player. After one month the authors surveyed these households again to determine how many purchased a DVD player in the preceding month. An analysis of this experimental data reveals that all four monetary promotions significantly enhanced the probability of adoption. In particular, the average adoption rate among the households receiving one of the monetary incentives was 41%. In contrast, none of the households in the control group reported purchasing a DVD player. Promotions that paid consumers for specific behaviors that precede purchase were no less effective than a coupon that reduces the purchase price by an equivalent amount. In addition, promotions that directly exposed consumers to experience attributes were more effective than promotions that simply provided consumers with the opportunity to learn about experience attributes. Finally, the gift of a free complementary product (a DVD movie) enhanced the effectiveness of three of the four monetary promotions. The authors close with a discussion of managerial implications and directions for future search.     

Business strategy,market structure and risk-return relationships: A structural approach

A structural model is proposed which integrates and extends previous findings on the interrelations between risk—return outcomes, market share, firm conduct attributes, and inter-firm rivalry. It is argued that the relative impact of market share and firm conduct attributes on risk—return outcomes depends on the intensity of rivalry. The empirical setting is commerical banking in Indiana (1975–79). Latent variable path analysis (partial least-squares) is used to estimate the model. The effect of market share is found to be quite important, even when possible ‘spurious’ effects due to differences in individual firm attributes are controlled for. Given consistent indications of oligopolistic coordination found in various parts of the model, it is inferred that the measured effect of market share reflects the exercise of market power.     

The Role of Product Originality,Usefulness and Motivated Consumer Innovativeness in New Product Adoption Intentions

Prior research has posited that product attributes are primary drivers of success that a firm must consider to develop a competitive advantage. Two product attributes, originality and usefulness, have been identified in the literature as significant dimensions of new product success. Customer demands differ, and more purchase intentions toward a new product depend on how consumers connect the product attributes to their own individual characteristics. Studying motivated consumer innovativeness as a personality trait may improve our understanding of the motivations for adopting innovations; however, questions remain regarding whether the effects of originality and usefulness on consumers' intentions to adopt are different when levels of these attributes are matching or dissimilar and what the relationship is between these effects and motivated consumer innovativeness. This study seeks to empirically investigate these effects and their relations by collecting data from 560 potential consumers in China. This paper uses hierarchical regression analysis to test hypotheses in four product domains as representative of higher or lower levels of usefulness and originality. The research shows that new product originality affects consumers' intentions to adopt new products only if it matches the level of new product usefulness. The results also reveal that motivated consumer innovativeness has a positive moderating role on the relationship between new product originality and consumers' new product adoption intentions when both attributes are at a lower level. The theoretical and practical implications for new product development and marketing communications are discussed.     

Testing alternative theories of the firm: transaction cost,knowledge-based,and measurement explanations for make-or-buy decisions in information services

Firms boundary choices have undergone careful examination in recent years, particularly in information services. While transaction cost economics provides a widely tested explanation for boundary choice, more recent theoretical work advances competing knowledge-based and measurement cost explanations. Similar to transaction cost economics, these theories examine the impact of exchange attributes on the performance of markets and hierarchies as institutions of governance. These theories, however, offer alternative attributes to those suggested by transaction cost economics or offer alternative mechanisms through which similar attributes influence make–buy choices. Traditional empirical specifications of make–buy models are unable to comparatively test among these alternative theories. By developing and testing a model of comparative institutional performance rather than institutional choice, we examine the degree of support for these competing explanations of boundary choice. Hypotheses are tested using data on the governance of nine information services at 152 companies. Our results suggest that a theory of the firm and a theory of boundary choice is likely to be complex, requiring integration of transaction cost, knowledge-based, and measurement reasoning. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conceptualizing non-cognitive attributes,entrepreneurship training,pedagogical competencies and stem education outcome: an integrated model and research proposition

International Journal of Technology and Design Education - Literature on STEM education outcome in the tertiary context has pursued the construct of non-cognitive attributes distinctly from that of...     

A choice experiment model for beef: What US consumer responses tell us about relative preferences for food safety,country-of-origin labeling and traceability

Several food safety issues have prompted questions regarding the role of country-of-origin labeling, traceability, and food safety inspections in consumers’ perceptions of food safety and quality. The importance of origin-labeling and traceability have been discussed in the EU for some time. North American cases of mad cow disease have led to increased discussions of these topics in the US, however, relatively little research has been conducted to examine the value US consumers place on these attributes. Choice experiments were used to analyze US consumers’ relative preferences and willingness-to-pay for these meat attributes in labeled ribeye beef steaks. Relatively speaking, consumers value certification of USDA food safety inspection more than any of the other choice set attributes, including country-of-origin labeling, traceability and tenderness. As a result, indication of origin may only become a signal of enhanced quality if the source-of-origin is associated with higher food safety or quality.     

Size,efficiency, and fortune nagazine

Are corporate size and efficiency positively related? New data from FORTUNE, permitting a broad definition of “efficiency,” are applied to a test of this question. The efficiency data for 200 firms reflect corporate rankings on such attributes as quality of management, quality of products or services, innovativeness, and financial soundness. Sales and assets serve as measures of size. According to these data, size and efficiency are not, in general, positively related, at least not with statistical significance.     

Broadband Internet access,awareness, and use: Analysis of United States household data

Data obtained from a nationwide survey of US residences during September and October 2002 are used to investigate household awareness of high-speed Internet access, profile Internet access and use, and gain insight into how important always-on, price, speed, installation, and reliability attributes are in their choice of service. Preliminary analysis suggests relatively high awareness of cable modem and DSL availability. Almost 19 percent of the sample have high-speed connectivity, and the mean price paid per month for dial-up and high-speed access is $19.76 and $42.36, respectively. Preference for high-speed access is apparent among households with higher income and college education. About 63 percent of high-speed users have more than five years of online experience, compared to 48 percent of dial-up users, and high-speed users are twice as likely to share music files and photos, bank, trade stocks, and pay bills “many times a week” than dial-up users. Willingness-to-pay estimates indicate reliability of service, speed, and always-on connectivity are important Internet access attributes.