皖、豫、湘、赣、川、渝6省市返乡农民工再就业调查——农民工“返乡潮”

这是一次特殊的记者调查。一场席卷全球的金融危机让中国大多数劳动密集型企业遭受到了严重“创伤”，接踵而来的企业倒闭、裁员或放假导致大量外出打工的农民工失业或提前回家，金融风暴吹乱了他们像候鸟一样“东南飞”的迁徙节奏。对于冬春之交的中国农民工而言，显得格外冷。据人力资源和社会保障部最新统计，中国1.3亿农民工中，有2000万人因金融危机失业返乡。这一状况，是近十几年来罕见的。今年，处理好待业农民工的就业问题，已成为今年各级政府的新挑战。农民工求职的“成本”与政府的管理“成本”双增高，都在经历着阵痛。于是，自上而下都在行动，农民工返乡人数和就业记录数据从农村到省都要定期层层报告到北京；中国官方的研究机构陆续发布关注农民工就业报告；各地方政府开始出钱为农民工集体办班培训。开始为农民工的生存技能着急……。那么，中国农民工就业问题是否得到解决？各地方政府出台的政策措施能否有效地帮助农民工顺利就业？针对目前情况，《中国经济周刊》记者在牛年春节过后奔赴湖南、重庆、河南、江西、安徽、四川等主要农民工输出地，就农民工就业现状以及各地政府采取的举措进行深入采访、调研。     

公共卫生服务对农民工就业质量的影响

公共卫生服务事关人民群众的生命安全与身体健康，其可及性将会对农民工就业质量产生重要影响。结合国家卫健委开展的CMDS(2018)专项调查，系统考察公共卫生服务对农民工就业质量的影响。研究表明,公共卫生服务水平提高能够提升农民工的就业质量，并且在通过工具变量法、倾向得分匹配检验后，结论依然稳健可靠。异质性分析表明，公共卫生服务对提高跨省流动农民工的就业质量更加明显。机制分析显示，公共卫生服务水平主要通过健康水平提升和城市归属感两条路径作用于农民工就业质量。研究结果有助于进一步认知公共卫生服务对农民工就业质量提升的重要性，为政府以公共卫生服务为着力点，推动流动人口公共服务均等化、合理制定农民工就业质量提升路径提供有益借鉴。     

劳动力市场分割对农民工就业影响的实证分析

本文在对中国劳动力市场分割分析的基础上,实证分析了劳动力市场分割对农民工就业的影响。在其他条件不变的情况下,中国劳动力市场分割联合对农民工就业有显著影响,农民工就业与劳动力市场城乡分割和行业分割负相关。进一步研究表明,不考虑地区分割变量情况下在农民工就业与其他三类分割变量之间建立的模型更为优化可靠。     

天业集团：4000农民工刷卡领工资

日前，新疆兵团石河子天业集团众源劳务公司工会对4000名农民工办理了银行卡存取手续，农民工按月持工资卡到银行即可存取自己的工资。天业众源劳务公司每年都要吸纳大量区内外农村富余劳动力转移农民工就业人员，为保证农民工按时、准确、足额领取劳动报酬，天业众源劳务公司工会积极引导公司财务部门每月都对农民工当月的考勤、劳资额度、工资等热点资料张榜公示，     

珠三角与长三角农民工供给短缺的差异性——基于户籍制度压制的分析

传统的就业歧视理论往往忽略歧视形成中的非制度因素。文章结合农民工就业机会、就业待遇和就业保障等问题，从户籍制度的角度分析了农民工在进城务工中所受歧视的制度性根源，指出投资地区热点的转换并不是引起珠三角地区农民工用工短缺的真正原因，户籍制度造成的就业歧视和工资差异才是该地区民工荒形成的背后力量。     

农民工新趋势与有关政策问题

农民工是中国经济社会转型时期的特殊概念，主要是指户籍身份在农村，但主要从事非农产业，依靠工资收入生活的人口。广义的农民工包括在县域内二、三产业就业人员和跨地区外出务工人员。狭义的农民工一般指跨地区外出务工人员。中国现在外出农民工数量约为1．2亿人，加上在本地乡镇企业就业的农村劳动力，农民工总数为2亿人左右。农民工对改变农村面貌，加快工业化和城镇化进程，做出了特殊的重要贡献。     

2亿受众 蕴藏潜力——农民工服务产业商机巨大

据测算，目前农民工对我国GDP的贡献每年都达到3万亿元以上。而在8亿多的农民中，约2亿为农民工，占农村总劳动力的40％以上，已经达到中国工人总数的2／3以上。近日，国家信息化专家咨询委员会常务副主任周宏仁在杭州举行的“首届中国农民工信息化论坛”上表示，构建一体化的农民工信息服务系统，虽然不能解决农民工面临的所有问题，但肯定会在很大程度上有助于这些问题的解决。中国有85％的农民工愿意为一些能为他们就业、生活提供帮助的、真实有效的信息自付费用。中国跨省流动的农民工为1．2亿人，每个人一年只要出100元，这就是一个超过100亿元的市场，而由此衍生出来的产业潜力将会无法估量。     

国内就业质量主题研究的演化路径、热点与展望——基于2002-2021年知网资源的知识图谱分析

通过对CNKI平台刊载并收录于CSSCI和北大核心期刊的有关就业质量主题的1 176篇文献进行可视化分析，掌握国内就业质量领域研究的基本情况。在此基础上，提出当前研究需要加强合作与交流意识。目前研究主要集中在就业质量的基础理论、就业质量与高职院校毕业生等方面。结合国内经济发展现状以及政府政策文件，指出数字经济将成为就业质量领域的研究热点。     

中国城镇劳动力市场不平等探析--来自农民工就业歧视的证据

文章以我国经济增长方式转变过程中,不断扩大的收入差距为背景,在2012年中国居民收入调查数据基础上,比较了农民工和城镇职工在不同单位、行业的就业机会,并测算了农民工就业歧视程度。研究结果表明,农民工在不同类型单位、不同行业存在不同程度的就业歧视。从农民工就业歧视的部门分布来看,公有制部门农民工就业歧视较严重,私营企业和自由职业者不存在就业歧视。从农民工就业歧视的行业分布来看,政府机关、金融保险行业就业歧视较大;餐饮业就业歧视较小,制造业、建筑业、其他服务业、零售业不存在就业歧视。     

“稳就业”还是“毁就业”？ 数字经济对农民工高质量就业的影响

在"数字中国"和"就业优先"战略背景下,数字经济释放就业效能被社会寄予诸多厚望,但其在理论文献上缺乏直接的经验证据。文章利用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和278个城市数据的匹配数据,采用腾讯研究院发布的"互联网+数字经济指数"对数字经济进行测度,考察了数字经济对农民工高质量就业的影响。研究发现,数字经济对农民工高质量就业具有显著的正向影响。为克服实证模型的内生性问题,文章选取历史数据作为工具变量,所得结果依然支持数字经济对农民工高质量就业的正向效应。基于广义倾向得分匹配法分析发现,数字经济尽管正向影响农民工高质量就业,但在影响效应上却呈现"先上升后下降"的"倒U型",当数字经济为中等发展水平时,农民工高质量就业的边际效应达到最佳。这意味着今后以数字经济为抓手推动农民工高质量就业需遵从"适度"原则,需谨防过度数字化带来的"就业无效"和"就业低效"问题。进一步异质性分析发现,数字经济对"新生代"、"高技能"、从事制造业、交通运输业和居民服务业的农民工就业质量促进作用更明显。本研究为目前国家倡导"大力发展数字经济,促进就业提质扩面"提供了实证支撑,结论对推动农民工高质量就业具有重要政策启示。     

家庭规模、子女状况与农民工幸福感

为了考察农民工家庭规模、幸福感的关系,以及子女状况在其中的作用,基于2021年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）的微观数据进行实证分析。结果显示,家庭规模、子女状况、幸福感之间存在两两正相关关系;子女状况在家庭规模与幸福感之间起部分中介作用。因此,提高农民工幸福感可以从扩大农民工家庭规模,支持农民工家庭子女数量增加的角度入手,也为减轻社会老龄化造成的负担提供了有力支持。     

农民工人力资本的测度及比较分析

根据2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据，运用多元综合法，测度并分析了我国农民工的人力资本。研究发现，总体来说我国农民工人力资本综合水平显著提升，迁移资本、经验资本和健康资本均有明显改善，教育资本提升不足；各地区间农民工人力资本水平差距较大，发展不均衡；相较于老一代，新生代农民工的迁移资本、教育资本、健康资本均有一定优势。在此基础上，提出进一步全面提升农民工人力资本的对策建议。     

人力资本对农民工市民化能力提升的影响机理

加快农业转移人口市民化是适应新时代新型城镇化发展的必然要求,农民工自身的市民化能力不足是制约当前市民化进程的主要因素。将农民工市民化能力划分为三个层次,即城市进入、城市生存和城市融合。通过研究人力资本与农民工市民化能力提升的影响机制及作用机理,提出新时代促进农民工市民化能力提升的对策建议。     

Union effects on performance and employment relations: Evidence from China

This paper empirically studies union effects on the performance of, and employment relations in, China's private enterprises. The study finds a positive and statistically significant union effect on labor productivity, but not on profitability. It further finds that unions lead to better employee benefits and increased contract signing in employment. These findings suggest that, in the era of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, unions in China's private enterprises do promote workers' interests as unions do in other economies. And they do that without abandoning their traditional role of harmonizing employment relations, as required by the Party.     

基于Citespace的我国非农就业研究可视化分析

乡村振兴背景下,我国非农产业的迅速发展,而非农就业的比例也随之进一步扩大,对社会诸多方面带来深刻的变革和影响。基于Citespace进行可视化分析,对我国非农就业领域的研究热点、研究前沿与趋势进行图谱呈现,力求系统的阐释我国非农就业研究领域的内涵特征、实践价值、现状模式、发展方向等热点问题。以此为依据进行系统梳理,为推动我国非农就业领域实现高质量发展提供支持与依据。     

养老保险水平对农民工主观幸福感的影响

中国经济发展迈入新平台，更加注重经济发展的质量，增强全体人民的“幸福感与获得感”是高质量发展的重要体现。基于2019 年中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS），本研究利用倾向得分匹配法，深入探讨了养老保险及其相关水平如何影响农民工的幸福感，并以消费支出为中介，进一步考察了具体的影响机制。研究发现，在我国大力推动普及养老保险的背景下，养老保险的幸福促进效应不明显，而养老保险的相对水平是影响农民工幸福感的重要因素，相对于参加低水平养老保险的农民工，参加高水平养老保险的农民工幸福感高出20.8%-23.8%。同时消费支出在参加高水平养老保险对幸福感的影响中发挥着中介作用，即参加高水平养老保险能够通过促进消费支出来提升农民工的幸福感。对此，研究认为政府要着眼于养老保障的公平性，妥善提升农民工养老保险的保障水平，有效促进农民工的消费支出，增强其幸福感。     

Health Status and Earnings of Migrant Workers from Rural China

The migration of rural laborers into cities for employment has been one of the main driving forces of China's economic growth over the past three decades. Based on a dataset collected by the Ministry of Agriculture of China from 2003 to 2007, this paper examines the impact of health on the earnings of migrant workers engaging in physically‐intensive work requiring good health. Our findings indicate that a poor health status not only weakens the incentive of rural laborers to participate in the migrant labor force but also significantly reduces their earnings. A migrant worker in poor health only earns 67 percent of what a healthy worker makes. Among all the human capital characteristics and family economic factors, health status is the most influential on earnings for less educated workers. Labor productivity has a greater impact on earnings than the annual number of days that a person works. Ongoing health‐care reforms aimed at the improvement of the health‐care services available to rural laborers are urged to help reduce poverty in rural China.     

China＇s Urban Employment and Urbanization Rate： A Re-estimation

The present paper argues that China＇s existing population and employment statistics are misleading, and have failed to include many of the migrant and labor force flows between urban and rural areas. The paper reconciles the differences between official census data and other survey statistics and attempts to recalculate China＇s urban population and employment figures. Our analyses indicate that official statistics of 2012 underestimate China ＇s urban employment by approximately 47 million while overestimating rural employment by 31 million. The adjusted urbanization rate exceeded 55 percent in 2012, almost 3 percentage points higher than the official statistics. Nevertheless, there remains much potential for rural-to-urban migration. More specifically, if the current bottlenecks in household registration, social security and public welfare systems can be removed or relaxed, China＇s urbanization rate could rise by another l O percentage points or even more over the next decade.     

Do Nutrition and Health Affect Migrant Workers＇ Incomes？ Some Evidence from Beijing,China

Migrant workers have become a major element of the labor force in Chinese cities, making important contributions to the economy while forming a socially disadvantaged group. Existing research on the relationship between the level of nutrition and health and income in China mainly focuses on farmers living in rural areas. Based on a Mincer equation and using a survey in Beijing, this paper examines the relationship between migrant workers＂ nutrition and health levels and their monthly incomes. We find that the nutrition intake and the body mass index have positive effects on income while duration of illness and daily working hours have negative effects. These conclusions imply that the Chinese Government should put more emphasis on improving migrant workers＇ well-being, including offering educational programs on nutrition and health, and enhancing medical insurance and the old-age insurance system.     

China,Like the US,Faces Challenges in Achieving Inclusive Growth through Manufacturing

For more than three decades the goal of becoming “the factory of the world” has been at the core of China's development strategy. This strategy, in combination with high rates of domestic investment and low rates of consumption, has made Chinese production the most manufacturing intensive in the world. But as its wages have risen, China's competitiveness in the most labor‐intensive manufacturing industries has eroded. Its ability to assemble products remains a major source of its exports, but it has also tried to shift toward more sophisticated value‐added production domestically. Chinese domestic spending has shifted away from investment toward consumption as citizens' income has grown. Like Americans, Chinese are also spending more on services than on manufactured goods. All of these changes are fundamentally altering the structure of China's production, reducing the role of manufacturing and increasing the skill levels of workers in manufacturing. This paper reviews the challenges posed by these developments for China's long‐term goal of achieving more inclusive growth. It presents evidence that the commonly held perceptions that Chinese manufacturing employment growth is robust are wrong. In fact, such growth has peaked and China is now following a pattern of structural change that is typical of a more mature emerging economy, in which the share of employment in manufacturing declines as workers are increasingly employed in services.