基于SPSS的黑龙江省经济发展区域差异分析

运用因子分析的教理统计方法,选取30项指标,对黑龙江省地级市经济发展的差异进行了综合评价和聚类划分.结果表明,黑龙江省经济发展存在着明显的地域差异,其影响因素可概括为综合经济发展因素、工业发展因素、土地利用因素、人口因素和基础设施因素等5个方面,累积贡献率达到96.028%;根据聚类分析的结果可以把黑龙江省划分为经济发达区、经济较发达区、经济欠发达区和经济落后区4种地域经济类型,较好地符合黑龙江省经济发展地域差异的实际情况.     

贵州省区域经济差异的时空分异格局研究

以县级区域作为研究单元,以人均GDP为量度区域经济时间差异的变量指标,运用标准差和变异系数分析1978-2009年来贵州区域经济差异的时间演变规律,同时,选取11个经济发展指标,运用主成成分和聚类分析方法测度贵州82个县(市)经济发展水平的差异,并根据经济发展综合得分将其分为发达地区、次发达地区、欠发达地区和落后地区四...     

基于组合评价法的县域经济发展综合评价——以遵义市为例

县域经济是国民经济的重要组成部分。为了全面、客观以及科学地评价和分析县域经济发展水平,文章基于经济发展水平、投资消费水平及人民富裕水平三个维度,构建县域经济发展综合评价指标体系,运用主成分—聚类分析组合评价模型对遵义市县域经济发展水平进行综合评价,并结合评价结果进行区域等级划分。研究结果表明,组合评价模型得到的结果与实际情况高度吻合,遵义市县域经济发展在空间分布呈现明显的差异,其中相对发达地区(第Ⅰ类区域)3个、欠发达地区(第Ⅱ类区域)2个、不发达地区(第Ⅲ类区域)9个。今后应加强对第Ⅱ类、第Ⅲ类地区人力、物力、财力的投入以及制定科学合理的总体发展战略,同时也要确保第Ⅰ类地区的稳定发展。     

基于主成分分析的辽宁省市域旅游协调发展对策研究

运用主成分分析方法,选择10项指标,对辽宁省14个地级市区域旅游经济发展进行定量研究;结果表明,大连为发达地区,沈阳为较发达地区,本溪、鞍山、丹东为中等发达地区,葫芦岛、抚顺、锦州、辽阳、盘锦为初等发达地区,铁岭、营口、阜新为欠发达地区;分析市域旅游经济发展差异的原因,并提出市域旅游经济协调发展的对策。     

基于GIS的江苏省县(市)域经济发展差异分析

江苏省存在着较为显著的县(市)域经济发展差异,并且有着进一步扩大的趋势;在分析65个县(市)域经济发展差异概况的基础上,构建了县(市)域经济发展差异综合评价指标体系,利用因子分析方法对65个县(市)经济发展水平进行综合评价,划分为经济发达地区、经济较发达地区、经济欠发达地和经济落后地区4种经济发展类型,基于GIS软件,从地域的空间分布上进行了深入分析;根据具体情况,提出区域协调发展的对策和建议。     

湖南省域经济社会地域分异规律探讨

选取反映地区经济社会发展状况的16项指标,运用因子分析法,对湖南省101个县市经济社会发展的综合水平进行评价分析,并对其进行了发展层次的划分,明确了发达地区与欠发达地区的空间分布格局,揭示了省域经济社会发展的地域分异规律。结果表明:湖南省域经济社会发展的区域差异问题较为突出,呈现出明显的东高西低梯度差异趋势;自然条件、区位优势、交通网络、经济基础和科技实力等要素的地域组合决定地区经济社会的综合实力;以长株潭为核心,依托京广、京珠、武广等重大交通干线,湖南省形成了典型的"点-轴"经济空间结构格局。     

青海省近10年耕地面积动态变化及驱动因子分析研究

该文采用SPSS主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对青海省1997～2007年耕地面积变化趋势以及变化因子进行综合分析研究。结果表明:近10年来青海省耕地面积总体呈下降趋势,且人均耕地资源也呈下降趋势。通过第一、第二主成分建立的回归模型表明,青海省耕地面积变化与该地区社会经济发展的强度和规模以及经济活动密度具有密切关系,聚类分析结果表明,粮食产量因子、油料因子、人口因子以及社会经济发展因子是影响青海省耕地面积变化的主要因素。     

我国沿海11省市旅游经济发展差异研究

以我国沿海11个省市为研究单元,从区域经济学的角度,通过构建指标体系,运用SPSS的主成分分析、聚类分析等方法找出我国沿海11个省市旅游经济发展差异的关键因素,并对沿海11省市旅游经济发展水平进行类型划分及差异性程度分析。结果显示:我国沿海11省市旅游经济发展差异较大,旅游配套设施、入境旅游、经济发展水平是造成沿海11省市旅游经济发展差异的主要因素。     

四川省县域乡村地域系统划分及可持续发展路径分析

乡村地域系统划分是科学把握乡村地域分异规律、探究乡村振兴发展方向的有效途径。以四川省为研究对象,从自然地理环境、资源禀赋状况、社会人口环境和经济发展水平4个方面选取14个指标,构建乡村地域系统多要素指标体系,运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对四川省178个县（市、区）进行分析。结果表明：（1）影响四川省乡村地域系统划分的主导要素分别是地形条件因子、气候与人口综合条件因子、地区经济发展潜力因子、土地资源禀赋因子;（2）对主导要素聚类并进行可视化呈现,将四川省乡村地域系统划为5个分区,即成都平原综合带动区、川西高原资源主导区、川东丘陵经济约束区、川中山地综合约束区、川南山地经济约束区,进一步探讨了不同区域乡村发展路径。     

基于主成分分析的皖江城市群城市化水平综合评价

构建了城市化水平评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法,对皖江城市群8个地级市城市化水平进行了综合评价,并通过聚类分析将其划分为3种类型;分析了皖江城市群城市化水平的地域差异特征、各类城市发展所面临的问题及其发展方向。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.