Price Consciousness and Purchase Intentions for New Food Products: The Moderating Effect of Product Category Knowledge when Price Is Unknown

This study examines the degree to which consumers' price consciousness affects their purchase intentions for a newly introduced product when the price of the product is unknown. Based on data from 186 consumers exposed to a new product offering, the results show that price consciousness indeed has a negative effect on purchase intentions, but only for consumers with a high level of product category knowledge. Although perceived risk and perceived value are significantly related to purchase intentions in general, price consciousness seems to affect only those consumers who make inferences about price based on their knowledge of the product category. Both theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are offered.     

The Impact of Mobile App Adoption on Cross-buying: The Moderating Roles of Product Category Characteristics and Adoption Timing

With more and more companies introducing mobile apps and consumers using them during the purchase journey, it is increasingly important to understand the consequences of app adoption on behavioral outcomes. This paper investigates the impact of app adoption on the number of additional products purchased by customers (i.e., cross-buying) and how this effect varies across different product categories and different customers. We focus on two key product category characteristics (utilitarian vs. hedonic nature and perceived risk) and on adopters who vary in their adoption timings (early vs. late adopters). Using data from an online retailer and a combination of propensity score weighting with difference-in-differences and Heckman correction estimation techniques, the results show that app adoption has a positive effect on cross-buying overall, but the effect varies greatly across products and consumers. App adoption promotes additional product purchases for hedonic products but leads to less cross-buying for utilitarian products. In addition, early adopters purchase a higher number of additional product categories than late adopters, with this difference decreasing over time and for new consumers compared to existing customers. These results offer novel insights into the behavioral consequences of app adoption and provide managers with useful recommendations for improving the effectiveness of their mobile app investments.     

绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品早期消费者购买意向研究评介及展望

绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品指与产业原来主导产品根本不同且能使产业技术范式和市场范式转入不同轨道,进而破坏性颠覆领先企业竞争地位的高技术产品,专指存在技术和市场两个变轨的高技术新产品,有利于环境保护、生态文明、可持续发展等社会效益的提高。超竞争时代,绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品迎合了社会的发展趋势和消费者的消费趋势,发展绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品成为企业获得竞争优势与实现可持续发展的新途径。因此,有必要深入研究绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品早期营销难题,以促使其尽快成为市场主流产品。比如,应进一步加强消费者购买意向预测研究,以为绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品营销策略的制定提供有效指导;应基于已有相关理论和研究成果,推演GTC新产品早期消费者购买意向构念模型,从理论上识别绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品早期消费者购买意向影响因素,并进行实证检验,为理论框架的应用提供依据;应进行更为深入的比较研究,进一步实证所构建GTC新产品早期消费者购买意向模型的有效性;应深入研究和探讨绿色导向变轨型高技术新产品进入市场的有效模式。     

Technology Synergy,Product Characteristics,and New Product Performance: A Meta‐Analytic Review

The associations of technology synergy, product characteristics, and new product performance are widely spread in the marketing and innovation management literatures. However, little research integrates these associations. This study adopts a meta‐analytic approach to aggregate prior findings across studies published before 2010 to review the relationships between technology synergy, product characteristics, and new product performance. Structural equation analysis reveals that technology synergy has: (a) a positive medium effect on new product performance; (b) a positive and strong impact on product advantage, which then affects new product performance; and (c) an indirect effect on new product performance through product innovativeness and product advantage. These findings suggest that product innovation and advantage are important intermediaries between technology synergy and new product performance—as yet unrevealed in extant literature. Copyright © 2012 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

顾客参与新产品开发的绩效影响:产品创新类型的调节效应

顾客参与企业新产品开发对新产品开发绩效有着重要影响,在处于转型经济背景下的中国进行相关研究更有着极为重要的战略意义。文章以B-B市场中的制造企业为研究对象,构建了以产品创新类型为调节变量的顾客参与对新产品开发绩效差异化影响的调节效应模型。研究表明,顾客参与对新产品开发时间绩效与创新绩效的积极影响会受到产品创新类型的调节作用;但产品创新类型对顾客参与和财务绩效关系的调节影响不显著。     

The Impact of Price-Based and New Product Promotions on Fast Food Restaurant Sales and Stock Prices

A key tool used in demand or revenue management marketing strategies is the application of pricing tactics based on anticipated demand to enhance both customer utility and maximize firm performance (Wirtz et al., 2003). In the restaurant segment, particularly in quick-service restaurants (QSR), organizations focus on two main promotion formats to attract customers: price-based promotions and new product promotions. The purpose of this article is to explore how the number of price-based promotions and new product promotions influence firm sales growth or decline and change in stock prices. Results suggest that new product promotions can have a significant and positive effect on same store sales, whereas price-based promotions tend to results in lower same-store sales changes and changes in stock price. As an additional control for these results, the study controls for economic and seasonal conditions effects.     

On Market Integration and Product R&D: A Monopoly Case

Applying a monopoly model with endogenous quality choice to the case of multiple national markets, we consider the effect of market integration on product R&D incentives (i.e., quality-improving), profit, and consumer surplus. We demonstrate that the effect of market integration depends on the difference in income distributions between two countries and the level of trade cost. In particular, if the difference in income distributions between two countries is large (small) and/or trade cost is low (high), market integration can decrease (increase) the level of product quality and social welfare in the two countries.     

A Neural Network for Predicting Manufacturers' Perceived Cooperation with Distributors in the New Product Development Process

ABSTRACT

This research has two objectives. The first is to develop a conceptual neural network for studying manufacturer-distributor cooperation in the new product development (NPD) process and to compare the neural network directly with the traditional multiple regression. The second objective is to examine the relative importance of the antecedents of manufacturer-distributor cooperation. Data from 295 U.S. manufacturing firms are used to test the neural models. The study demonstrates that neural network analysis is a good method predicting manufacturer-distributor cooperation in the NPD process. The results also show that the ranking of antecedents of manufacturer-distributor cooperation from most to least important is: relative dependence, shared values, communication, commitment, and trust. Implications for NPD managers are offered at the end of the paper.     

A Cross-Regional Exploration of Barriers to the Adoption and Use of Electronic Meeting Systems

Electronic Meeting Systems (EMS) are intended to support group collaboration in completing tasks. While there have been many case studies and laboratory experiments on how EMS can support group tasks, large scale macro investigations exploring EMS adoption and use have been practically non-existent. Furthermore, while several barriers to EMS adoption and use have been suggested, their validation across organizations remains unexplored. We undertook a global initiative to explore information technology support for task-oriented collaboration in the US, Australia, Hong Kong, and Norway. In this paper, we focus specifically on assessing the adoption and use of EMS, and barriers to their adoption and use in organizations across the four regions. Our results suggest that EMS currently have limited adoption and are used infrequently across all the four regions. A further investigation into barriers to EMS adoption and use suggests that significant numbers of respondents do agree with a list of fourteen suggested barriers. However, while there is significant agreement between two countries (US & Australia) over how these barriers are ranked, there is no significant agreement between the remaining pairs of countries. Implications of our findings are discussed for practitioners and researchers.     

Explaining Competitors' Reactions to New Product Introductions: The Roles of Event Characteristics,Managerial Interpretation,and Competitive Context

Competitive reactions to new product introductions can be explained by observable characteristics related to the event, and by the interpretations of these factors by the defending competitors. A general model of competitive response is developed to explore the mediating role of interpretation factors between event characteristics and reaction decisions, and to study the contextual factors that moderate the relationship between event characteristics and interpretations. Results clearly demonstrate that if the interpretation factor is not taken into account researchers may overlook the influence of important variables explaining competitive reactions. Also, results indicate heterogeneity among managers regarding their interpretation of observable characteristics. Possible moderating factors are explored. The outcomes of this study are important both for new scientific insights in competitive reaction decision making, and for managers who act in the competitive arena.     

Alliance-Based New Product Development Success: The Role of Formalization in Exploration and Exploitation Contexts

Purpose: Although alliances offer tremendous strategic potential, firms still struggle to successfully manage new product development alliances (NPD alliances). A prominent explanation for this is the institutional economics' view (see Williamson 1985 Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting, New York: The Free Press.  [Google Scholar]) that, in general, a key disadvantage of alliances versus vertical integration is that administrative control mechanisms are weaker. Here, a key control mechanism is formalization (the use of explicit rules to govern business activities).

However, regarding formalization's influence on both NPD and alliance performance, conceptual views and empirical findings are mixed, which suggest that unexamined variables moderate formalization's influence on NPD performance.

Therefore, it is surprising that there is no research on whether formalization's influence differs in alliances pursuing an NPD exploration strategy versus an NPD exploitation strategy because both (1) require varying levels of freedom of action and adherence to procedural rules to achieve success, and (2) are extensively employed in NPD.

Further, there is also surprisingly little intrafirm NPD and non-NPD alliance research on formalization in exploration and exploitation contexts because here as well formalization's influence on performance (1) is central, and (2) differs based on the project's innovative and learning intent.

The purpose of this research is to begin to close important literature and industry practice knowledge gaps about formalization's influence on NPD alliance performance in exploitation versus exploration strategic contexts.

Originality, value, and contribution: This research is the first examination ever of two key NPD strategies—exploration and exploitation—in an NPD alliance context. The research sheds light on conflicting views about formalization's NPD performance-enhancing and inhibiting aspects, and offers implications for industry best practices.

Methodology/approach: Empirical examination of survey data from 151 NPD alliances via hierarchical regression and tests of group moderation.

Findings: Results shed light on when and why formalization moderates the influence of key fundamental alliance success mechanisms on NPD alliance performance based on strategic context.     

中国产品质量缺陷形成的政治经济学分析

两个经济原因导致中国市场产品质量缺陷充斥：一是收入分配不公平和经济发展水平,它们从需求方面通过市场机制引导厂商向市场供给问题产品;二是信息不对称而政府监管缺位,导致本可避免的产品质量缺陷存在。经济发展水平导致的质量缺陷短期内基本上是难以解决的,收入分配不公平则需要通过政治途径解决,信息不对称引起的市场在产品质量上的失败应该是由政府来解决的,但是它们都因为政治性因素的影响而未能解决。     

双循环新发展格局下农产品市场整合关系异质性研究：新结构经济学视角

在双循环新发展格局的背景下,文章以新结构经济学理论为指导,选取中国苹果优势主产区现货市场和期货市场数据,运用可解决内生性问题的自回归分布滞后模型和误差修正模型,从空间结构和时间结构两个维度检验中国苹果市场整合关系,并从生产要素结构视角揭示市场整合异质性的产生原因。研究表明：(1)从主产区内部结构看,环渤海湾产区山东、辽宁和河北市场之间存在长期分割现象,黄土高原产区陕西、甘肃和山西市场之间也存在长期分割现象;(2)从主产区外部结构看,山东和陕西市场之间处于长期整合状态;(3)从时间结构看,期货市场与山东、陕西现货市场存在长期整合关系,期货市场与其他省份的现货市场不存在长期整合关系。     

要素－产品比价研究：国际经验与历史证据

中国要素价格决定机制不合理、要素价格体系扭曲,已经达成普遍共识。瓦尔拉斯一般均衡理论表明,市场机制通过价格信号配置资源,均衡价格体系由最优交换比率或比价关系界定。相对价格比绝对价格更有意义,比价变化是价格合理性识别的关键。本文借助历史研究方法,利用大量国际历史数据,考察主要发达国家产品－要素价格调整历史、探究其一般发展规律,以期为研究我国要素价格问题提供国际经验和历史参照系。     

跨期知识整合与新产品开发绩效关系实证研究——基于珠三角和长三角地区企业的数据

根据已有研究成果,文章首先分析了跨期知识整合的内涵和机制,并根据理论分析建立了结构方程模型,设计了"跨期知识整合对新产品开发绩效影响的调研问卷",在珠三角和长三角地区选择了上海、广州、杭州、深圳等地的多家企业进行调研,并回收了245份问卷,根据分析结果发现跨期知识整合对新产品开发绩效之间有正向影响。     

Product Regulation and Stock Prices: The Case of the US Food and Drug Administration

This study focuses on the stock market effects associated with the announcements of product approvals, denials and recalls by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the impact of product approvals on research and development expenditures (R&D) and forecasts of earnings by Value Line. When the FDA announces approvals, the shareholder wealth of affected firms increases significantly. The announcements of denials and recalls by the FDA are associated with stock price declines. The stock price impact of recalls is dependent on whether the firm voluntarily withdraws a product or if the withdrawal is mandated by the FDA. Specifically, voluntary recalls are not associated with a change in stockholder wealth, while FDA mandated recalls are associated with decreases in stock price. In addition, we find that partial product recalls have a smaller impact than total recalls. An examination of the effects on competitors' stock price reveals losses when the FDA announces an approval or a recall, but no imt for a d. An analysis of changes in risk around FDA decisions suggests that, on average, betas do not change around approvals, recalls or denials. In addition, our results suggest that announcement period stock price behavior is unrelated to risk changes except for approvals where returns are positive and significant for firms with either increasing risk or no change in risk. We also find that approvals are associated with increases in R&D and forecasts of earnings for the sample firms, with returns to stockholders upon announcement of the approval being related to the increases in R&D and short-term earnings forecasts.     

A Commentary on the Strategic Application of Service to Product and Consumer Flaws

An ever-changing consumer and the evolving role of service have contributed to the increasing difficulty faced by mar- keters to create a perfect match between products and consumers. The outcome has been an increase in mismatches or flaws. This paper considers the consumer and the product from a critical view- point, emphasizing the concept of flaws as a basis from which to apply service strategies. A new dynamic model is presented which suggests a definition for product and consumer flaws in several con- texts. Moreover, service strategies for responding to product and consumer flaws are presented. Finally, the future of service as a long-term marketing strategy is discussed and its impact on business is examined.     

中国新一轮农产品价格波动的审视与剖析——“中国城乡市场协调发展高峰论坛”观点综述

农产品价格波动关系到整体物价水平的变动,直接影响国民经济的健康可持续发展.针对近年来中国农产品价格非正常波动的现象,一些专家在“中国城乡市场协调发展高峰论坛”上通过考察农产品价格波动与农产品供求、流通体系建设及宏观经济环境的关系,深入探讨了中国新一轮农产品价格波动的机理及成因,着重讨论流通领域如何缓解农产品价格非正常波动的对策,提出未来农产品价格波动的相关预测及研究展望.     

Consumer Information and Discrimination: Does the Internet Affect the Pricing of New Cars to Women and Minorities?

Using a large dataset of automobile transaction prices, we find that offline African-American and Hispanic consumers pay approximately 2% more than do other offline consumers; however, we can explain 65% of this price premium with differences in observable traits such as income, education, and search costs. Our estimates of unexplained race premia are smaller than previous estimates in the literature. Online, we find that minority buyers pay nearly the same prices as do whites controlling for consumers' income, education, and neighborhood characteristics. These results are consistent with the Internet facilitating information search and removing cues to a consumer's willingness to pay. Our results imply that the Internet is particularly beneficial to those whose characteristics disadvantage them in negotiating.