Rural–Urban Migration, the Informal Sector, Urban Unemployment, and Development Policies: A Theoretical Analysis

This paper develops a theoretical model like Gupta's to show the simultaneous existence of the urban informal sector and open unemployment in the urban sector in a Harris–Todaro type of model of rural–urbanmigration. A wage or a price subsidy policy to the rural sector, or a demand management policy like an export promotional scheme in the manufacturing sector, reduces the urban unemployment level, and provides a theoretical basis for the introduction of export promotional measures like the formation of duty-free Export Processing Zones (EPZs) to solve the urban unemployment problem. The policy conclusions of the present paper are different from those found in Gupta's 1993 model.     

Optimal Schooling Investments and Earnings: An Analysis Using Australian Twins Data

The potential impact that unobserved ability can have on both schooling and earnings outcomes has been modelled by Ashenfelter and Rouse (1998). This paper applies their model to the Australian Twins Sample. The best estimate of the return to schooling for genetically identical (or MZ) twins is 8.9 per cent. Measurement errors in the schooling data are shown to constitute a more serious problem than the omission of the family effects that impact on ability. Individuals from higher ability families receive a lower marginal benefit from their investment in human capital.     

Productivity,Energy Intensity and Output: A Unit Level Analysis of the Indian Manufacturing Sector

Journal of Quantitative Economics - The objective of this study is to calculate total factor productivity and determine factors related to energy intensity for the pre-existing manufacturing plants...     

社交能力与农民工工资性收入

如何进一步提高农民工工资性收入一直是社会各界广泛关注的话题,在探索过程中,教育、职业培训、户籍制度等因素的影响已经得到了充分的探讨,而较少有研究关注社交能力对农民工工资性收入的影响及作用机制.文章基于2010和2014年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),从语言表达和人际关系处理两个维度构建了社交能力综合指标,重点探讨了社交能力对农民工工资性收入的影响.研究结果表明:社交能力对农民工工资性收入存在显著的正向影响,并且在两个子维度指标的影响上存在明显的性别和代际差异.其次,社交能力对农民工工资性收入的影响存在显著的"迁移效应",迁移距离越远,社交能力的影响则越弱.此外,随着工资收入的增加,社交能力对工资性收入的影响则越显著.在影响机制方面,社交能力主要通过社会资本效应、职业发展效应、劳动合同效应和信息优势效应四个渠道影响农民工的工资性收入.文章聚焦于社交能力,为进一步提升农民工工资性收入提供了新的思路.同时,研究提出并检验了社交能力回报的迁移效应、劳动合同效应以及信息优势效应,对相关领域的研究进行了一定程度的补充与拓展.     

Order with Some Law: Complementarity versus Substitution of Formal and Informal Arrangements

While some argue that incomplete incentive contracts facilitatethe self-enforcement of informal dealings, other authors submitthat they substitute for or "crowd out" social norms supportinginformal arrangements. We use experimental evidence to testthese theories by manipulating the extent to which individualstransact repeatedly and the level of contract costs. We findthat, by enforcing contractible exchange dimensions, contractsfacilitate the self-enforcement of noncontractible dimensions.This complementarity effect is particularly important when repetitionis unlikely and thus self-enforcement is difficult. Althoughour data suggest the existence of reciprocity as an alternative,informal enforcement mechanism, we do not find evidence thatcontracts substitute for this social norm.     

基于温州正规金融与民间金融结构现状的博弈分析

本文以温州为例,对正规金融与民间金融提供了一个新的理论分析框架,论证了我国区域二元金融结构的合理性及不同金融制度安排下借贷主体融资决策的差别.事实上,金融市场中的不同借贷主体具有一定的异质性,例如,银行等正规金融组织和钱庄、合会等民间金融组织在国家强制力、微观社会联系、区域传统文化作用及个体信息等方面各具优势,不同的企业和个人对于正规金融和民间金融差异的反应程度也不相同.对此进行深入的理论和实证分析,对促进我国金融制度改革的深化,提高金融资源的边际产出具有重要意义.     

两种就业类型农民工工资收入差距的比较研究

近年来,农民工就业逐渐呈现两种不同类型,即稳定就业和非稳定就业.本文利用对农民工调查的数据,对两种就业类型农民工的工资收入差距及影响因素进行了比较研究.研究发现,稳定就业农民工的平均工资收入水平高于非稳定就业农民工的,并且非稳定就业农民工的内部收入差距高于稳定就业农民工的.两种就业类型农民工内部收入差距的影响因素主要有就业行业、单位所有制、人力资本、性别和城市等;在稳定就业与非稳定就业农民工之间的工资收入差距中,40.52%的工资差异是由禀赋差异形成的,59.48%的工资差异要归结于禀赋回报率差异.     

非正规金融与正规金融:互补还是替代?——基于DSGE模型的相互作用机制研究

文章通过建立四部门动态随机一般均衡模型,分析了二元金融体系下正规金融与非正规金融部门之间的作用机制,并对模型进行数值模拟。研究发现,在居民消费偏好冲击和技术冲击两种情况下,正规金融与非正规金融部门之间主要是互补关系,表现为两部门贷款利率和贷款规模的同向变动;而在货币政策冲击下,两部门短期内呈现相互替代的关系。     

Wage Differentials and Labour Supply of Married Women in Japan: Part-time and Informal Sector Work Opportunities

This paper studies the pattern of labour supply of Japanese married women. The study develops and tests a discrete work choice model with a differing level of fixed cost of work and equalizing wage differential s. This accounts for differences in work characteristics of the regular status and part-time status work at firms, the family and self-employment. A 20 to 30 per cent hourly wage differential was obser ved between work categories with control on skills, region and other variables. Different effects are studied of the numbe r and ages of children, a grandmother's presence and the wife's educational attainments on the category of work selected.
The data employed come from The Occupational History and Mobility Survey of Women 1983 (OHMS), conducted by the National Institute for Vocational and Occupational Research, and allow detailed wage regression and consideration of different work categories which were not feasible in previous works. Empirical regulari ties of the Japanese labour market, such as the absence of growth in labour participation for mothers with small children, are better explained when work categories are dealt with separately.     

盈余管理与审计意见关系的实证研究--基于非经营性收益的分析

文章研究了中国上市公司通过非经营性活动进行盈余管理是否会影响其收到非标准无保留意见(后称非标意见)的可能性.我们的假设是:盈余管理越高的公司,收到非标意见的可能性越大.我们选取1998～2001年3009家A股上市公司进行实证研究,结果与我们的预期一致,支持原假设.我们进一步还对非标意见进行了归类分析,发现公司盈余管理行为仅仅会增加收到"带说明段无保留意见"的可能性,而对其他类型非标意见的出具则无显著影响.     

正规金融、非正规金融对家户福利的影响——来自中国农村的证据

金融抑制是发展中国家所面临的重要约束,其可能给家户福利和生产活动带来损失。金融约束不仅来自于正规金融,也来自于非正规金融。利用区域转换模型,本文从两个方面论证了正规金融与非正规金融对家户福利的不同作用。实证分析表明,正规金融约束的家户采用新的农业生产技术受到限制,非农经营的效应也更低,而社会资本在一定程度上对正规金融形成了替代,弥补了其部分功能。受到非正规金融约束的家户,社会资本的功能被弱化,但采用新的农业生产技术的作用以及参与农业生产合作组织的作用由于得到正规金融的支持而更强。正规金融与非正规金融大致存在一种替代关系,农村正规金融在满足生产发展尤其是非农业生产发展的需要方面发挥着重要作用,而基于社会资本的非正规金融主要对于缓冲收入冲击起着更重要的作用。     

劳动模范：在道德与权力之间——从社会学的视角看一种道德教育制度

本文以二十世纪六七十年代城市中的单位为背景,通过对劳动模范作为道德权威的建构过程和作为道德典范对整个社会,特别是其周围环境的示范作用进行策略层面的分析,试图对以劳动模范制度为代表的典型式道德教育制度进行一定程度的社会学意义上的理解。本文着重分析了劳动模范在道德理想和现实的冲突中所处的尴尬地位,特别是当政治权力渗入基层单位后劳动模范制度在国家与社会的合作与紧张状况下的运作现实。     

Structural Features of Female Employment Status and Earnings Mobility: The Experience in Germany

Structural changes in basic economic indicators, changes in traditional role patterns, and in female employment behavior shed light on the performance of the European labor markets in the 90s. This paper focuses on the cyclical sensitivity of women's employment status and earnings position in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) we test the hypothesis that labor market adjustments are not gender-neutral but affect women's employment status and women's relative earnings position to a greater extent than those of men. Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal analysis indicate positive effects on female employment status and earnings position during a period with worsening economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis confirms an increasing likelihood of an upward earnings mobility for women in the 90s. Notwithstanding these positive trends the results show that - due to social norms and attitudes - women are still discriminated against in the labor market and in terms of their relative earnings position. Thus social policy is called upon to improve women's social and employment conditions.     

Concentration and Wage Earnings in an Open Economy: A Case Study of Korea

The object of this paper is to increase our understanding of the effect of output market power (the degree of concentration in an industry) on wage earnings in Korea. We conduct a series of econometric investigations based on the traditional human capital theory and find that workers in a more concentrated industry are paid higher. This wage premium is not explained in terms of the differences in the quality of labor and/or compensating factors. It suggests to us that the conventional estimates of the misallocation of resources due to the output market power are underestimated since this source of higher unit costs is disregarded. [820]     

盈余信息度量、市场反应与投资者框架依赖偏差分析

本文以2 0 0 0年9月到2 0 0 3年1 2月沪市A股3 3 8家上市公司为研究对象,应用实证研究方法,检验以四种不同度量方式表示同一盈余信息所产生的“盈余惯性现象”是否存在差异。结果表明:在三因素模型进行风险调整之前,基于四种盈余信息指标的盈余惯性现象都显著地存在。但经过三因素模型风险调整后,基于“意外盈余率”和“标准化意外盈余率”二个指标的盈余惯性现象消失了;基于“意外盈余”和“标准化意外盈余”二个指标的盈余惯性现象仍然存在,所以买入赢家组合、卖出输家组合仍可获得显著的超常收益。显然,这一研究结果并不支持风险定价学派的观点。笔者认为,根据Tversky和Kahneman( 1 981 )提出的“框架依赖偏差”(FramingDependenceBias)理论,四个盈余信息指标所产生的盈余惯性现象的差异表明我国投资者对盈余信息的反应依赖于信息度量的方式。     

农村正规与非正规金融发展对区域产业结构升级的影响

文章以农村正规与非正规金融发展影响区域产业结构升级的理论为基础,以我国31个省级单位1998-2012年的数据为例,实证检验了农村正规与非正规金融发展对区域产业结构升级的影响.结果发现:农村正规与非正规金融的发展有利于区域产业结构升级,且两者在促进区域产业结构升级方面的互补效应明显.同时还发现:区域的财政支出水平、人力资本水平、技术水平以及区域人均消费实力均会影响区域产业结构升级,而区域对外开放水平对区域产业结构升级的影响则并不显著.     

Assessing the Impact of Formal and Informal Regulations on Environmental and Economic Performance of Brazilian Manufacturing Firms

This study investigates the impact of formal and informal regulations on environmental and economic performance of Brazilian manufacturing firms. We adopt a dual approach where production technology is represented by a cost function, approximated by a translog form. Pollution is considered as a negative by-product that can be modified trough using either formal regulation (inspections or sanctions) or informal regulation (community pressure). A simultaneous equation model is estimated by three-stage least squares on a sample of 404 industrial establishments located in the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil. We show that pollution abatement costs for the Brazilian manufacturing sector are different from zero which suggests that pollution emissions are affected by environmental regulation. We also demonstrate that environmental performance of firms is jointly affected by formal and informal regulation. Lastly, formal regulation is largely influenced by informal regulation and more specifically by community pressure.     

Entry into the Schooling Market: How is the Behaviour of Private Suppliers Influenced by Public Sector Decisions?

This research examines the location choice of private schools entering the California schooling market in 1979–80. We find that entrants are more likely to locate in public school districts with lower levels of per–pupil expenditure and higher fractions of public school students who reside in low–income households. In addition, we provide evidence of differences in the responsiveness of different types of private schools to the underlying conditions. Also, in comparing our results to those of previous research, we find that the determinants of the location choices of entrants appear to be the same as the determinants of the location pattern of incumbent private schools.     

Schooling choices: Preferences, discount rates, and rates of return

This paper develops an empirical model to identify the structural parameters of schooling preferences and human capital production. Our model distinguishes between consumption and investment motives with regard to schooling. The results show that both motives matter. Preferences for schooling vary with social background and ability. Children from poorer social backgrounds and of lower ability have a lower preference for schooling. The discount rate that enters the net value of lifetime income varies with social background as well. The marginal rate of return to schooling decreases with ability and schooling. On average the marginal rate of return is 7.3 per cent, which can be contrasted with a `Mincerian' rate of return equal to 4.8 per cent. This indicates that the usual OLS estimate underestimates the true rate of return. First version received: November 1997/Final version received: February 1999