新贸易保护主义的发展及其表现特征

进入21世纪,新贸易保护主义重新抬头,并呈现出不同于以往的鲜明特征,由于新贸易保护关注焦点由传统理论所关注的经济问题扩展到社会问题,由产业发展转向了人类本身.从而导致劳工标准、社会责任国际标准认证(SA8000)、产品质量认证标准、动植物检疫标准等成为发达国家实行贸易保护的重要工具.这些演变背后存在众多的理论支持,研究这些演变及其表现特征具有重要的理论与现实意义.     

新贸易保护主义政策调整与我国外贸发展

20世纪90年代以来,西方国家的新贸易保护主义的政策作了调整,其原有的特征产生了变化,主要是更多地寻求多边贸易体系下的合法性保护,对进口保护的重新重视,从非关税措施的明显性保护转向隐藏性保护,从单纯贸易政策转向经济、竞争政策等,这些调整对我国外贸的发展产生较深的影响。应对这些调整成为我国对外贸易可持续发展的重要课题。     

贸易保护主义下的中国外贸政策研究

从历史实践来看,实行完全的自由贸易政策只是个别国家、个别历史时期的现象,通常情况国都实行程度不等的贸易保护政策。因此,文章在梳理有关贸易保护理论的基础上,重点分析了20世纪30年代经济危机以来新贸易保护主义的特点。最后,文章给出了中国在新贸易保护主义下的对策。     

美国崛起之路对中国的启示——对美国历史上贸易保护和自由贸易之争的思考

自从资本主义降生以来,特别是工业革命以来,自由贸易和贸易保护主义之争始终是各国不同政治经济派别分歧的重要成份。随着时代的变迁,一国可能从主张自由贸易转向贸易保护,也可能从贸易保护转向自由贸易。一般来说,在国际经济危机时期,贸易保护的声音往往抬头;而在...     

超贸易保护主义与我国贸易政策演进的价值取向

对一个国家而言,"保护"是一切贸易理论与贸易政策的实质.在贸易保护主义演变为"超贸易保护主义"的历史背景下,我国贸易政策演进应持三个方面的价值取向:严格遵循世界贸易组织的有关规则,努力促进我国对外贸易的发展,进行必要的、阶段性的贸易保护.     

西方新贸易保护主义理论述评

近几十年来，在美、欧、日等发达国家中出现一股“新贸易保护主义”理论思潮，这些国家积极推崇新贸易保护主义的主要目的是为了适应本国政治、经济需要，维持其在国际竞争中的支配地位。新贸易保护主义理论不同于传统的贸易保护主义理论，它积极倡导以人为本，强调人与自然、社会和谐发展。新贸易保护主义理论的贸易保护动机更具有隐蔽性，其贸易保护的形式更具有合理性。     

刍议我国贸易保护的发展及对策

在金融危机的迫使下,贸易保护理论逐步发展,而形式也愈加丰富,部分国家通过贸易保护来维持本国就业率,以此巩固在国际分工及交换中的主导地位。西方发达国家对贸易保护政策作了调整,对我国贸易的发展产生了较深的影响。本文分析了金融危机中贸易保护主要特征的演变,总结发展趋势,并提出我国应对新贸易保护主义的策略。     

保护贸易理论的发展及对我国的借鉴意义

保护贸易理论的发展大体包括早期重商主义、近代李斯特“保护幼稚工业”理论、现代凯恩斯“新重商主义”、当代新贸易保护主义和代表发展中国家利益的“中心-外围”理论。其中的不少观点、政策、建议等,对于我国发展社会主义市场经济都有一定的借鉴意义。从我国国情出发,现阶段我国应采取渐进式的贸易自由化政策,实施适度的贸易保护措施。     

新贸易保护主义对中国对外贸易的影响

在经济全球化和国际竞争日益加剧的背景下,一些国家出现了一股新贸易保护主义思潮,其关注的焦点由传统理论所关注的经济问题扩展到社会问题,由产业发展转向了人类本身。各国采取的贸易保护政策出现了一些新的特征,反倾销措施、技术性贸易壁垒、保障措施等贸易壁垒被频繁使用,各种新的贸易壁垒层出不穷,对我国对外贸易的发展造成严重阻碍。文章正是基于此,分析了新贸易保护主义对我国对外贸易的影响,对我国对外贸易应采取何种措施进行了探讨.     

西方国家贸易保护的历史演进和发展趋势分析

分析西方工业国家不同历史阶段贸易保护理论和政策的发展变化,归纳贸易保护的规律性和发展趋势,提出在经济全球化趋势下,贸易保护仍然是各国政策的支撑点,进一步分析新贸易保护主义的特点和发展趋势以及对中国参与国际经济和贸易的重要启示。     

分工演进对贸易政策的影响分析——基于交易成本的考虑

贸易政策同贸易理论是紧密联系在一起的.引入交易成本来分析分工演进对贸易政策的影响,不考虑交易成本条件下,贸易自由对于分工演进的国家是有利的;考虑交易成本条件下,随着分工演进,国家之间更加倾向于贸易谈判,最终结果为贸易自由化.但是由于各国交易效率不同,交易效率高的国家在贸易中获得的利益更多,而交易效率低的就会实行更多贸易保护.因此,我国需要降低交易成本,加强分工演进的速度,处理好国际之间的贸易摩擦.     

"新新贸易理论"的思想脉络及其发展

新新贸易理论将企业异质性成功的引入到国际贸易模型中,从微观层面解释了贸易的发生及影响,从而开拓了国际贸易研究的新领域。新新贸易理论解释了为什么好的企业做国际贸易,而较次的企业做国内贸易这一现象,该理论认为,自由贸易可以提高产业生产率水平和社会福利,所以在政策上应该促进自由贸易而不是贸易保护。     

Tariff liberalization and trade specialization: Lessons from India

This paper analyzes the effects of policy reform on the structure of India’s trade in manufactures, from 1990 to 2006. It computes comparative advantage indicators on the basis of disaggregated trade flow data and assesses the effects of trade liberalization on the evolution of India’s pattern of trade specialization. Industries where import tariffs have been reduced the most have experienced the highest increase in specialization. Moreover, trade liberalization has helped India improve its comparative advantage in industries with medium- to high-technology content, as well as in some of the industries enjoying the most robust growth in global demand. Liberalization policies have been instrumental in enhancing the international competitiveness of industries.     

Australian Trade Policy in the Twenty‐First Century

In the 1980s and 1990s, Australia moved from a protectionist trade policy to very open trade policies. This paper analyses the evolution of these policies in the twenty‐first century: first signing bilateral agreements in the 2000s and then participating in negotiation of mega‐regional agreements (TPP/CPTPP and RCEP). To some extent these shifts have reflected stasis in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and its inability to make agreements on new areas. Underlying drivers of Australia's beyond‐WTO trade agreements have been the fragmentation of trade along global value chains and the emergence of new trade technologies associated with the spread of the internet.     

The Economic Consequences of Mr Trump

The Trump administration has embarked upon two large economic policy initiatives at a time of full employment: increasing the budget deficit by cutting personal and corporate tax rates; and increasing protection, especially against countries with which the United States has bilateral trade deficits. These initiatives are meant to reduce trade deficits and increase employment and incomes in the US manufacturing sector. Economic analysis tells us that the result will be larger trade deficits, and weaker total tradeables, including manufacturing employment. There may or may not be a net gain for employment and incomes in those industries which have been the greatest beneficiaries of protection. Trump's protection policies will damage incomes in the United States and the rest of the world; the damage will be greater if other countries retaliate or emulate. Alternative policies that compensate losers from free trade would give better results.     

Political economy of China’s trade policy: the evidence from industrial protection in 1990s

The theory of the political economy of trade policy, combining public choice and neoclassical trade theories, studies the level and pattern of trade intervention from the perspective of policy decision-making process, by stressing on income distribution instead of economic efficiency. The paper attempts to apply such an endogenous trade theory to an empirical study of China. On the basis of a formal revised model of political economy of trade protection, it tests theoretical hypotheses concerning the political and economic determinants of cross-sector trade protection in the Chinese industry at various periods. The results show that trade protection in China fits into China’s national development strategy of fast catching-up with the developed world.     

A Ricardian Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regimes

This paper develops a Ricardian model with transaction costs and endogenous and exogenous comparative advantages. It shows that the level of division of labour and trade increases as transaction conditions improve. It identifies the conditions for trade negotiations that result in zero tariff rates and the conditions for the coexistence of unilateral tariff protection and unilateral laissez faire policies. The model may explain the policy transformation of some European governments from Mercantilism to laissez faire in the 18th and 19th century and policy changes in developing countries from protection tariff to trade liberalization and tariff negotiation.     

政策干预下我国贸易自由化的福利效应

近年来,贸易和环境问题越来越成为各国关注的焦点,传统贸易理论忽视了环境资源的合理使用和保护,给发展中国家带来了严重的环境问题。文章在揭示传统贸易理论在环境资源分析不足的同时,建立了一个政策干预下的发展中国家的自由贸易模型,在此基础上结合我国实际情况分析贸易自由化的福利效应。     

Towards a More General Approach to Trade Liberalization

Despite the frequency with which they have been promoted as a model of development. East Asian trade policies have had little influence on the normative economics of trade reform. In contrast to directly dismantling protection, developing countries have often provided concessional import rights which override existing protection. These instruments include EPZs and duty remission. This paper accommodates these instruments of 'new trade liberalization' within a more general understanding of trade liberalization illustrating their similarities and their differences. Both old and new trade liberalization can, on their own, bring about complete free trade. Needless to say, so far, neither has!     

Preferential Liberalization,Antidumping, and Safeguards: Stumbling Block Evidence from MERCOSUR

There is not yet consensus in the trade agreements literature as to whether preferential liberalization leads to more or less multilateral liberalization. However, research thus far has focused mostly on tariff measures of import protection. We develop more comprehensive measures of trade policy that include the temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping and safeguards; studies in other contexts have also shown how these policies can erode some of the trade liberalization gains that arise when examining tariffs alone. We examine the experiences of Argentina and Brazil during the formation of the MERCOSUR over 1990–2001, and we find that an exclusive focus on applied tariffs may lead to a mischaracterization of the relationship between preferential liberalization and liberalization toward non‐member countries. First, any “building block” evidence that arises by focusing on tariffs during the period in which MERCOSUR was only a free trade area can disappear once we also include changes in import protection that arise through TTBs. Furthermore, there is also evidence of a “stumbling block” effect of preferential tariff liberalization for the period in which MERCOSUR became a customs union, and this result tends to strengthen upon inclusion of TTBs. Finally, we also provide a first empirical examination of whether market power motives can help explain the patterns of changes to import protection that are observed in these settings.