母以子贵:性别偏好与妇女的家庭地位-来自中国营养健康调查的证据

基于中国普遍存在的对男孩的性别偏好,本文采用所生育小孩的性别作为妇女家庭地位和议价能力的度量指标,研究该指标对家庭内部资源分配及后果的影响。中国健康营养调查数据中有关家庭耐用品消费决策的信息表明,第一胎性别对妇女在家庭中的地位有重要作用。本文发现,当妇女的家庭地位随着生育男孩而提高后,家庭中食物支出份额会增加,该妇女营养摄入增加,而她的身体健康状况会变好。     

中国家庭债务和资产积累关系的实证分析:1997-2008

笔者运用1997年～2008年中国家庭债务和家庭资产积累的时间序列数据,定量分析了家庭负债和家庭资产积累的关系。研究发现,家庭债务和家庭资产积累存在同向的长期均衡关系,家庭债务的变动会影响家庭资产的积累。笔者提出促进家庭资产合理配置和防范中国家庭债务快速增长带来的消极后果的相关建议,旨在为决策部门制定合理的经济政策提供参考。     

家庭老年照料对女性劳动就业的影响研究

本文基于1991—2011年"中国健康与营养调查"数据,采用面板数据和工具变量方法,实证检验了为父母公婆提供家庭照料对女性劳动就业的影响。研究发现,照料活动与女性的劳动参与率和提前退休决策之间存在内生关系;每周提供20小时以上高强度照料会使女性难以兼顾照料和工作,产生"门槛效应",劳动参与率显著下降7.31%;对于仍然劳动的女性,照料责任会使其每周减少劳动时间2.8—4.8小时;每月劳动收入减少7.21%;对于45—49岁的城镇女性,家庭老年照料并没有显著提升其提前退休的概率。此外,照料责任对劳动力市场供给的影响在居住安排和劳动力自身竞争力方面存在异质性。据此本文推断,家庭老年照料对于女性劳动力供给产生抑制作用。这些经验发现为今后我国制定家庭照料者支持政策及劳动就业政策提供了依据。     

人口老龄化视角下家庭照料与城镇女性就业关系研究

随着我国人口老龄化,女性在家庭劳动与职业劳动之间的角色冲突日益凸显。文章利用1991-2009年"中国营养与健康调查"(CNHS)数据及面板数据分析和工具变量方法,实证检验了老人家庭照料责任对城镇女性职业劳动参与决策的影响,以期为女性就业、养老政策的制定提供科学依据。研究发现,照料老人显著降低了女性的劳动参与率,尤其是长时间、高强度的照料活动。与无照料责任的女性相比,与父母(公婆)同住、有照料责任的女性劳动参与率将下降0.215;高强度照料活动对女性劳动参与的影响更大,劳动参与率将下降0.695。     

中国老年家庭的经济脆弱性与贫困

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)2006和2009年的面板数据测度了老年家庭的经济脆弱性,检验各因素对经济脆弱性和贫困的相对影响力。老年家庭的经济脆弱性高于贫困;户主特征和家庭变量不同程度地影响到了经济脆弱性及贫困,代际间向上流动的私人转移支付对老年家庭的经济脆弱性和贫困没有作用;超过24%的非贫困家庭是经济脆弱性家庭;期望效用的脆弱性(VEU)方法表明,不平等虽然减少了脆弱性,但其影响经济脆弱性的力量最小,不可解释的风险是最重要的因素,异质性风险和协同性风险的力量居中。     

对外贸易与经济增长相互关系——基于发展经济学视角的理论综述

自古典经济学以来,对外贸易与经济增长之间的关系一直是经济学界研究和争论的一个焦点。本文主要对发展经济学理论中关于对外贸易与经济增长关系的理论进行梳理,首先介绍了发展经济学关于对外贸易促进经济增长理论探讨,随后阐述了对外贸易促进经济增长的机制和条件。     

我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的实证分析——以山东省梁山县为例

本文对我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的情况进行了分析,并对劳动力利用的影响因素进行了模型估计。研究结果表明:当前我国农村还存在20%～30%的富余劳动力需要转移;农户在进行家庭内部分工时基于家庭效益最大化考虑;农户家庭收入来源和镇域经济发展对县域农户家庭劳动力利用有显著影响,不同的家庭劳动力特征对农户家庭就业决策的影响存在一定差异,政策性补贴对农户家庭就业决策的影响不大。在此基础上,本文提出若干政策建议。     

家庭经济脆弱性与风险规避

本文基于期望效用理论构建新的家庭经济脆弱性分析框架,研究死亡风险对我国城市家庭消费的总体影响和异质性影响,为如何规避死亡风险的决策提供证据。结果表明:我国城市居民家庭普遍存在由死亡风险导致的经济脆弱性且比较严重,家庭经济脆弱性程度在20%以上的家庭占全部样本家庭的65%以上;死亡风险导致的家庭消费波动性显著高于消费水平的下降,这意味着采用保险来规避死亡风险比储蓄更有效。尽管家庭持有的寿险保障与面临的经济脆弱性匹配性较好,但寿险持有量不充分且寿险的有效性因家庭异质性存在差异,对3人家庭和35—44岁家庭作用最有效。本文的政策含义在于,脆弱性分析框架不仅能有效度量死亡风险对居民家庭消费和福利的影响,还可以回答居民家庭应如何选择死亡风险规避方式。     

协商式亲密关系:独生子女父母对家庭关系和孝道的期待

近年来在中国城市中,许多父母为独生子女出资购房。舆论及学者将此称为"啃老",担心家庭关系功利化、孝道衰落。本文对此持不同看法。通过2010~2011年对广州22个家庭作深度访谈后发现,父母们不认为自己是"被啃"的受害者;相反,他们是购房的主动发起者或积极参与者。文章以"亲密关系"和"个体化"为理论视角,揭示父母积极购房的动机,并分析当代中国代际关系。首先,父母们是为了与成年子女建立协商式的亲密关系。这种关系涉及金钱、感情和集体决策三种要素,与西方强调倾诉和表达的"纯粹关系"不同。中国案例不仅扩展西方主义对"亲密关系"的定义,也重新理解以往研究中,中国家庭经济活动与感情交流二元对立的关系。其次,这反映了在中国个体化进程中,这一代父母既获得自由,又感知到风险。他们积极构建新的家庭关系,是一种重新嵌入社会的努力。     

家庭内部议价能力研究进展

随着新古典理论框架下共享一致偏好和预算约束的单一模型逐步向更为可靠的纳什家庭议价模型转变，区分家庭成员偏好的异质性议价能力作为解释家庭经济行为和决策的核心要素，成为家庭经济学领域的研究热点。本文从家庭内部议价能力的内涵界定、测度体系、影响因素及经济效应四个方面对代表性文献进行归纳述评，认为个体特征、家庭结构、社会制度等是影响家庭议价能力的重要因素。同时，议价能力对家庭内部婚姻、金融、就业、生育、消费等家庭决策，以及对后代抚育、女性自主权利、主观感受等社会福利因素都将产生重要影响。最后，本文围绕该领域的研究不足和可供拓展的方向进行了阐述，以期为全面把握家庭内部议价能力问题提供有益借鉴。     

我国城乡居民收入差别对经济增长约束的实证分析

1985年以来,我国的城乡居民收入差别在波动中呈扩大趋势,并对我国的经济增长产生约束.本文利用调整的城乡居民收入比率测度了我国的城乡居民收入差别状况,并分析了其对我国经济增长的约束程度和产生约束的作用机制.     

Introduction to the Special Issue: Things We Do and Don’t Understand About the Household and the Environment

Environmental economics has been slow to incorporate the full and complex nature of the household into its analytical structures and to reflect empirical evidence on household decision-making. This paper provides an overview of some of the main unanswered questions.      

The New Home Economics at Colombia and Chicago

When Jacob Mincer and Gary Becker started the New Home Economics (NHE) at Columbia University in the early 1960s, they expanded on the field of family and consumption economics that Hazel Kirk and Margaret Reid began in the early 1920s. This paper studies forty years of household economics, the decisions that household members make regarding any allocation of resources. These decisions may regard consumption, labor supply, transportation, fertility, or health. A review of the history of the NHE shows that Jacob Mincer's original contribution tends to be underestimated. This paper also argues that the growth of the NHE benefited from the concentration of talent at Columbia, organizational support, the diversity of a student body that included many talented women, the ideological commitments that students, many of them married, had for the study of home production, a departmental policy de-emphasizing gender-related politics, and relatively high levels of civility.     

Household debt,macroprudential rules,and monetary policy

Today's Canadian economy features a historic high of household debt and persistently low growth rate. The average debt-to-GDP ratio has reached the level experienced in the U.S. just prior to the recent financial crisis. In this paper, we ask whether monetary policy should lean against the household indebtedness or macroprudential policies are better suited for the task. To provide a quantitative answer, we develop a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring a micro-founded banking sector. We estimate the model using Canadian data and conduct policy experiments. Our findings favor macroprudential approach to reining in indebtedness: using monetary policy that reacts to household debt increases inflation volatility and lowers borrowers' welfare, while using macroprudential policies such as lowering the loan-to-value ratio limit increases borrowers' welfare.     

中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债现状与成因研究

利用2009年"中国城镇居民经济状况与心态调查"数据,本文细致考察了中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债的现状与成因。描述性统计表明,家庭资产随着户主年龄、教育程度和家庭收入水平提高而上升,家庭负债则恰恰相反,家庭资产—负债存在明显的地域差异。实证研究发现,户主的年龄、受教育程度和健康状况以及家庭收入和人口规模不仅是家庭是否拥有资产/负债最重要的决定因素,也是家庭资产负债额的重要影响因素;进一步研究表明,家庭净资产也主要受到这些因素的影响,但其影响程度因家庭净资产量不同而不同。本文进而研究了家庭资产—负债状况的稳定性,发现户主年龄较小、教育水平较低和健康状况较差以及人口规模较大的家庭更容易受到金融市场不利冲击的影响。     

农业循环经济主体行为博弈与协同优势分析——兼论政府发展农业循环经济的制度设计

提出并分析了政府、企业或农户,消费者及社会独立的农业R&D机构等组成的"四元并联"主体系统模型;运用博弈论理论知识和方法分析了主体之间的博弈规律以及通过经济学理论探讨了主体协同推进农业循环经济发展的优势。在此基础上,以龙须草生态产业链作为实例分析其生态价值与经济效益方面的优势。从增加政府的制度供给、明确环境资源产权、建立绿色认证制度和建立生态技术创新制度等四个方面,提出了政府发展农业循环经济的制度设计。     

Shifting theories: partial perspectives on the household

There is a neglect of networks within cooperative conflict models,which arises because of the patriarchal households assumed.But households are not the same everywhere, because their structureis dependent upon social context, and they are a sub-systemof wider social relations and realities. Understanding households(in this paper female-headed households) requires us to studythe varied contexts in which households are situated and thesocial relations of individuals within these institutions. Usingcontributions from feminist economics and realist social theory,this paper shows how these frameworks can explain the diversityof social reality in household formations and relations.     

CHILD LABOUR IN VIETNAM

Abstract.  The paper tests the explanatory power of a theoretical model of household decisions about child labour and school enrolment and analyses the determinants of child labour in Vietnam, a country that is experiencing a rapid transition toward a market economy. The theoretical framework, used as a benchmark, is in the spirit of the 'new household' economics and links household decisions about schooling and child labour to intergenerational altruism and to human capital investment. On this basis, we analyse the evolution and determinants of child labour using two household surveys (1993 and 1998) for Vietnam.     

Redistributive taxation and the household: the case of individual filings

In this paper I look at the tax treatment of households under individual filings and characterise the efficiency properties of an income tax schedule that redistributes from rich to poor households. Because tax liabilities are determined on individual incomes but the decision to earn those incomes is made at the household level, tax liable members of the same household can side trade leisure for net income with one another, and such side trade enables them to carry out tax arbitrage. I analyse the problem for a two-class economy both with and without perfect assortative mating. The main conclusion is that the prevention of tax arbitrage imposes structure on the graduation of the tax schedule.     

Tax distortions, household production, and black-market work

This paper studies an economy with high- and low-productivity households. Household services are produced either by households themselves or are purchased in a white or black market. Black market work is inefficient (efficient) when it otherwise would have been done in the white market (within the household). With low (high) tax wedges, the black market reduces (increases) welfare by competing with white-market production (own-household production). With intermediate tax wedges, the welfare effect of a black market is ambiguous: welfare is improved (reduced) when black services are demanded by low- (high-) productivity households. An increase in the tax wedge may then reduce the benefits from a black service market.