电子商务环境下外资企业国际避税法律问题研究

避税与反避税问题已经成为各国税收领域的一个国际性焦点问题。电子商务迅速发展,为人类社会带来巨大变革的同时,也带来了新的避税问题,对各国税制造成了很大冲击。该文通过对避税的概念以及电子商务引发外资企业避税的新问题进行分析的基础上,提出了我国反避税应采取的有效法律对蓑。     

电子商务环境下的避税问题

电子商务的发展给税收政策、税收管理带来了许多新问题，避税便是其中之一。为了维护国家利益及给企业创造一个公平竞争的经济环境。本针对上述避税问题提出了一些反避税措施。     

电子商务国际避税问题及中国的对策

跨国电子商务的出现与发展，以及国际社会对其征税问题探讨的相对滞后，引发了形形色色的国际“电子”避税。我国不仅要针对其特点制定相应的反避税法规，还必须切实加强信息基础设施建设，提高网络技术，建立严密的涉外税收管理硬件系统。在此基础上，积极拓展国际间反避税的交流与合作，通过签订双边、多边的税收协定与条约解决税收管辖权冲突及避税问题，防止在跨国贸易额剧增条件下税基的缩减与税收的流失。     

电子商务环境下的外资企业避税与反避税

外资企业的避税与反避税是一个长期而又普遍的问题,电子商务的出现和迅速发展使这一问题变得日益复杂,从而带来新的挑战。本文分析了电子商务环境下外资企业避税的新动向,并提出了完善税收法律法规、制定严格的税务登记和管理制度、建立涉外税收信息库等反避税政策建议。     

审计跨国公司利用避税港逃税案案例简析

A公司是一家跨国公司投资在上海某开发区的子公司,其上级公司是设在苏州的B公司(跨国公司亚洲总部),A公司生产的主要产品为航空科研用摄影胶卷。公司成立于1998年,自投产以来公司始终产销两旺,但公司开办至今,已累计亏损500万元。     

逃税规模的衡量

逃税造成了政府财政收入的减少,因而政府理所当然地关心社会中的逃税程度,而且逃税程度的大小也代表了一国税务机关税收征管成效的高低.因此从这个意义上讲,对逃税规模的衡量就显得必要了.不过,由于纳税人的逃税行为是隐蔽的,故很难对逃税规模进行直接有效的衡量,尽管如此,还是存在一些方法从侧面去测算一国的逃税规模的.     

Thinking and Learning in the Tax Evasion Game

Equilibrium behaviour is one of the fundamental concepts of economics: that each player's strategy is a best response to their beliefs about other players' strategies (and that these beliefs are realised). It is therefore striking that one of the most utilised economic models of tax compliance (Allingham and Sandmo, 1972) lacks this property as random audit selection is not a best response for the tax administration. The game theory literature of tax compliance has solved the equilibrium under assumptions of perfect information, full rationality and representative agents (Reinganum and Wilde, 1986; Erard and Feinstein, 1994). The recent application of behavioural economics to tax compliance (Hashimzade et al., 2014) allows richer assumptions such as heterogeneity and asymmetric information to be included in agent‐based models. This paper investigates the tax administration's best‐response audit strategy with heterogeneous taxpayers, imperfect information and evolutionary survival of taxpayers. It finds that, under these conditions, the tax administration's best‐response audit strategy is an adaptive learning approach and not a well‐defined audit function. This fits with actual practice of ‘predictive analytics’ by OECD tax administrations. Behavioural game theory also predicts that when actors are information rich, adaptive learning will dominate abstract thinking.     

Tax Havens,Tax Evasion and Tax Information Exchange Agreements in the OECD

Using data on Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), we find a positive relationship between higher tax burden and OECD residents’ tax evasion, especially via tax havens. Contrary to established investor preference for certain country characteristics, we find they are less important to tax evaders who value privacy and want to remain undetected by their home tax authorities. We find very limited evidence that OECD Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAS) reduce tax evasion, controlling for other determinants of overall OECD FPI. Without the US in the OECD sample, tax havens play a lesser role and OECD policies appear to make a marginal impact.     

International Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices: Evidence from Australian Firms

This paper examines the international corporate tax avoidance practices of publicly listed Australian firms. Based on a hand-collected sample of 203 publicly listed Australian firms over the 2006–2009 period (812 firm-years), our regression results indicate that there are several practices Australian firms use to aggressively reduce their tax liabilities. Specifically, we find that thin capitalization, transfer pricing, income shifting, multinationality, and tax haven utilization are significantly associated with tax avoidance. In fact, based on the magnitude and significance levels of the regression coefficients in our study, thin capitalization and transfer pricing represent the primary drivers of tax avoidance, whereas income shifting and tax haven utilization are less important. Finally, our additional regression results show that tax havens are likely to be used together with thin capitalization and transfer pricing to maximize international tax avoidance opportunities via the increased complexity of transactions carried out through tax havens.     

家族企业、税收稽查治理与企业避税行为

采用多种指标,检验家族和非家族企业的税收规避程度。研究发现,较之非家族企业,家族企业表现出更加明显的避税倾向,这反映出家族企业更重视税收节约收益;而且,家族企业所表现出的较高的避税程度和动机主要发生在税收稽查治理强度较弱的地区。我国家族企业避税收益要高于税收稽查的惩罚成本和由此产生的声誉损失,特别是在税收治理较弱的地区尤为如此。     

Tax Evasion and Auditing in a Federal Economy

This paper analyzes the relation between tax auditing and fiscal equalization in the context of fiscal competition. We incorporate a model of tax evasion by firms into a standard tax competition framework where regional governments use their audit rates as a strategic instrument to engage in fiscal competition. We compare the region’s choice of audit policies for three different cases: A scenario of unconfined competition without interregional transfers, a scenario with a gross revenue equalization (GRS) scheme and finally, a scenario with net revenue sharing (NRS), where not only the revenues from taxation but also the regions auditing costs are shared. Without regional transfers, fiscal competition leads to audit rates which are inefficiently low for revenue-maximizing governments. While in general GRS aggravates the inefficiency, NRS makes the decentralized choice of auditing policies more efficient.JEL Code: H26, H71, H77     

税务风险、税收规避与企业资本结构调整

基于上市公司数据构建双重差分策略,研究税务风险对企业资本结构调整的影响.结果显示:企业税务风险的下降会减缓企业资本结构调整,平均而言,处理组企业的资本结构降低了约2％,且这一关系在动态条件下依然存在;在规模较小、市场化程度较高的企业,这种抑制效应越明显;税务风险的降低会影响企业避税,进而减缓资本结构的调整速度.因此,完善企业税务风险管理,有助于"稳杠杆"战略的顺利实施.     

预提税方案对解决电子商务征税的意义

本文介绍了目前世界上对电子商务征税的几种主要方案,并重点分析了预提税方案的优势与不足。认为在电子商务环境下,预提税方案可以较好地解决常设机构认定和跨国所得性质界定的问题;使居住国和来源国公平地分享网络经济带来的税收利益;较好地兼顾主要的税收原则;较之其他征税方案有着独特的优势。同时,预提税方案有利于维护处于电子商务净输入国地位的发展中国家的利益,应该受到我国政府的重视。     

国际反避税立法发展与困境的思考

随着国际避税现象的日益严重,各国政府认识到单纯依靠各国单方面的国内法措施,难以应对越来越复杂和精巧的各种国际避税安排。在现行国际税收规则难以被根本改变的情况下,只有加强国际合作,才能有效管制国际避税行为。各国在采取双边或多边合作,通过签订有关条约和协定进行反避税的过程中,既面临着困境,同时也为国际反避税立法及其未来发展提供了契机。