辽宁省海洋渔业发展的瓶颈与对策建议

论文在梳理辽宁海洋渔业发展现状与特点的基础上,系统分析了现阶段制约辽宁海洋渔业发展的瓶颈问题,即资源环境的刚性约束、科技创新投入低原动力不足、水产品质量安全存在隐患、产业化程度低结构不合理、生产成本增加熟练工流失。在此基础上,有针对性的提出了解决的对策建议,即加强对海洋渔业资源环境的养护和修复、依靠科技创新调整海洋渔业产业结构和增长方式、加快海洋渔业产业化布局、沿海市县错位发展、提高水产品质量安全水平、扩大水产品出口贸易、加强对发展海洋渔业的管理与服务。     

我国海洋渔业产业化的推进策略

二十一世纪是海洋世纪 ,海洋经济作为新的重要经济增长点 ,将加快整个经济建设的现代化进程 ,为全球经济发展注入新的生机和活力。海洋渔业作为传统海洋经济的基础产业、支柱产业 ,在很大程度上决定着海洋经济现代化建设的进程。只有海洋渔业率先实现现代化 ,海洋经济现代化才能有稳固的基础 ,才能有强大的支柱 ,才有可能成为现实。渔业作为大农业的一个分支 ,具有高投入、高回报、高风险的产业特点 ,海洋渔业产业化的实施对海洋渔业现代化的实现具有极其重要的作用。　　一、我国海洋渔业产业化的重要意义　　海洋渔业产业化对解决目前渔业…     

海洋渔业产业化中的产业链稳定机制研究

在资源环境约束日益加强的条件下,海洋渔业产业化是实现海洋资源的集约利用以及保护海洋环境的一项重要制度创新,而其中的产业链稳定机制则是实现海洋渔业产业化的基础。产业链稳定机制包括由准一体化契约分工形成的内部稳定机制,以及由政府和渔业中介组织形成的外部稳定机制,在海洋渔业产业化的不同阶段,内外部稳定机制的作用发挥需要有所侧重。     

“十一五”时期我国海洋渔业科技集成创新研究进展分析

论文围绕“十一五”期间我国海洋渔业集成示范类课题的研究内容,论述了海水养殖设施与新模式的集成与产业化、近海渔业资源保护与增殖技术及应用、名优水产品增养殖关键技术研究与示范、耐盐植物育种和栽培新技术集成与应用等方面的研究进展,通过分析海洋渔业科技发展中存在问题,提出了针对行业发展的几点对策,以期为我国海洋渔业科技发展提供理论借鉴。摘要：论文围绕“十一五”期间我国海洋渔业集成示范类课题的研究内容,论述了海水养殖设施与新模式的集成与产业化、近海渔业资源保护与增殖技术及应用、名优水产品增养殖关键技术研究与示范、耐盐植物育种和栽培新技术集成与应用等方面的研究进展,通过分析海洋渔业科技发展中存在问题,提出了针对行业发展的几点对策,以期为我国海洋渔业科技发展提供理论借鉴。     

世界海洋渔业贸易竞争力分析

进入21世纪,世界海洋渔业贸易迅猛发展。发达国家和发展中国家的海洋渔业的出口量和出口额都成线性增长。发达国家的主要海洋渔业进口国集中在美国、日本、德国,发展中国家的主要海洋渔业进口国集中在中国、尼日利亚。利用国际贸易理论中的国际市场占有率(IMS)、显示性比较优势指数(RCA)、比较优势指数法(CAI)、出口渗透率(ERP)四个指标,对世界海洋渔业出口竞争力进行分析后可发现,海洋渔业产业化、集聚优势和增强产业内贸易有利于提升世界海洋渔业竞争力。     

海洋渔业创新之路

经营机制创新 海洋渔业具有高投入、高风险、产品鲜活易腐、市场与相关产业依赖性较大等特点,对产业化要求极高,其经营需求通过龙头企业、基地、市场、主导产品、中介组织等将渔业产前、产中、产后各个环节有机地联系起来。海洋渔业产业化的经营模式主要有:①龙头企业带动型。以苗种、饲料、渔需物资等生产供应和渔产品加     

沿海地区海洋渔业生态效率及影响因素研究——基于SBM-Tobit模型

采用2011-2021年中国沿海省份的数据，通过考虑非期望产出的Slacks-Based Measure(SBM)模型对海洋渔业生态效率进行测度，探究其时空演化趋势区域差异，结合投入产出冗余率计算分析效率损失的原因，并采用Tobit回归模型分析影响海洋渔业生态效率的因素。研究结果表明：2011-2021年沿海各省份渔业生态效率平均值为0.734，东部海洋经济圈的海洋渔业生态效率值最高，北部、南部海洋经济圈内各省海洋渔业生态效率有较大的地区差异性；投入产出冗余分析表明我国海洋渔业生态效率损失的主要原因是非期望产出较高；从影响因素看，海洋渔业产业结构、海洋渔业科技、环境规制和海洋渔业经济发展水平对海洋渔业生态效率具有正向影响效应。基于此，从投入产出冗余和影响因素两个角度提出了相应措施，以提升我国沿海地区海洋渔业生态效率水平。     

论我国海洋渔业发展的"产业耦合论"

本文基于我国海洋渔业经济结构与产业结构的相互作用，提出我国海洋渔业发展的“产业耦合论”，在“产业耦合论”中阐述了海洋渔业发展应从线性经济转为循环经济，探讨了渔业内部一、二、三次产业的发展进行了定位，最后提出海洋渔业发展的基本思路。     

我国海洋渔业资源性资产流失问题探讨

海洋渔业资源性资产是我国海洋资源性资产的重要组成部分。然而，我国海洋渔业资源性资产开发利用过程中流失情况严重且隐蔽性较强，直接影响了海洋经济的可持续发展。因此，对海洋渔业资源性资产流失的研究十分必要。本文通过对海洋渔业资源性资产及其流失界定，指出产权模糊、定价不合理和海洋资源的连带性流失是海洋渔业资源性资产流失原因所在，并从产权管理方面提出相应对策。     

葫芦岛市海洋渔业资源的合理开发利用

近10多年来，葫芦岛市的海洋渔业发展迅速，已在全市海洋经济中占有重要的地位，但在渔业环境及基础设施建设等方面还存在一些问题，本文还分析了海洋渔业的市场潜力，提出了海洋渔业资源合理开发利用的建议。     

脱钩理论在浙江循环经济发展模式中的运用

发展循环经济是转变经济增长方式,走新型工业化道路,建设资源节约型和环境保护型社会的有效发展模式。文章从浙江发展循环经济的制约要素和生态效率的角度,结合脱构理论构建浙江省循环经济发展模式及对策,实现浙江可持续发展。     

Internationalization of innovative capabilities: counter‐evidence from the electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil

The focus of this paper is the extent to which firms in the electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil (Manaus) developed significant innovative technological capabilities. By examining whether innovative capabilities have spread to these two late‐industrializing countries, the paper seeks to add new evidence to the debate over internationalization of innovative capabilities and to argue against existing generalizations. Internationalization of innovative capabilities is measured here by the technological capability types and levels built within firms. The framework for capability‐building identifies types and levels of technological capabilities. The paper draws on empirical evidence from 82 electronics firms—transnational corporation subsidiaries and local firms: 53 in Malaysia (25 in Penang and 28 in Klang Valley) and 29 in Manaus (Northern Brazil). Empirical evidence was collected during extensive fieldwork based on different data‐gathering strategies. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were used. Contrary to common generalizations, the study found that the capabilities of most sampled firms had been upgraded to carry out diverse innovative technological activities. Additionally, these capability‐building efforts were strongly associated with higher capabilities for local decision‐making and control, automation level and efforts to increase exports. The study found firms that innovated to be competitive by reducing costs, being more productive, reducing lead time and producing better products—regardless of whether they were in a domestic market‐oriented country or in an export‐oriented country. Finally, the analysis and framework in this study challenge some existing perspectives on the internationalization of innovative capabilities to the late‐industrializing context.     

The effect of income on formation of tenants capital estimated from residual variation (part i)

Abstract

This paper contrasts the ruling neo‐classical “paradigm” on industrial policy with a more structuralist view of the need for government interventions to promote industrial development. It traces the evolution of the debate on industrial policy from the early days of planning to the current consensus for “market friendly” policies, and notes the deficiencies in the latter approach. It develops a casefor selective interventions basedon the nature of the technological learning process and adduces evidence from the East Asian newly industrializing economies to show that the nature and extent of selective interventions were critical to their patterns of industrial development. It closes with an acknowledgement of government failure but argues that this does not amount to an absolute and permanent case against industrial policy.     

The political economy of manufacturing protection in LDCs: An Indonesian case study

Abstract

There are significant inter‐industry variations in protection in all but the most open of economies. This invites the obvious question, why? Are these variations simply random in nature, or are they systematic, and therefore amenable to explanation? Most of the literature on this subject pertains to industrialized economies. Few studies have been undertaken of developing countries, where political institutions are less developed, policy‐making processes often less transparent, protection generally higher and more dispersed and the data base usually poorer. In this paper, we examine these issues with reference to Indonesia, a large, rapidly industrializing economy with high (albeit decreasing) levels of manufacturing protection. We find that the standard theory purporting to explain inter‐industry variations in protection performs quite well in some cases, although a substantial unexplained residual exists. We give examples of how the theory developed for industrialized economies might be modified for developing economies.     

建设用地扩张对经济增长的贡献及其区域差异研究

研究目的：应用1999 — 2007年分省数据,测度近年建设用地扩张对中国及不同区域经济增长的贡献及变化趋势,为土地政策制定提供依据。研究方法：效率评价法、多元回归分析法、比较分析法。研究结果：（1）1999 — 2007年中国固定资本、劳动力和建设用地的产出弹性分别为0.745、0.274和0.083;（2）初级产品阶段地区、工业化阶段地区、发达经济阶段地区建设用地的产出弹性分别为0.376、0.068和0.066;（3）地区技术效率和土地宏观调控对建设用地扩张存在显著抑制作用。研究结论：（1）建设用地扩张对经济增长的贡献随着发展阶段演进逐渐减小;（2）对处于不同发展阶段的地区,应实行差别化的土地管理策略与绩效考核方法。     

Innovation in Asian Industrialization: A Gerschenkronian Perspective

This paper interprets the experience of the East and South East Asian electronics industry from a "Gerschenkronian" perspective in order to draw lessons for other developing countries. Following Gerschenkron, the paper argues that it is diversity, rather than unifor mity, in the institutional, technological and development policy arenas (called here "strategic innovation") that characterizes the experience of the Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs). The experience of the leading export industry shows that the progress of the NIEs can be interpreted as a pattern of substitution of missing prerequisites, in line with Gerschenkron's view of European latecomer industrialization. More broadly, the progress of the NIEs should not be viewed as repetitions of earlier industrialization experiences as they involve significant deviations from the latter, usually entailing distinctive strategic innovations. This interpret ation presents a difficult challenge for those wishing to draw lessons from the Asian NIEs. There are few direct lessons from East and South East Asia for other countries and certainly no transferable or standardized "model" of development. Other paths and patterns of develop ment need to be identified and created that build upon the distinctive resources of individual developing countries. Strategic innovation, trial-and-error learning and variety are likely to continue to characterize successful industrial development in the future.     

Adoption and diffusion of improved technologies and production practices in agriculture: Insights from a donor-led intervention in Nepal

Adoptions of improved technologies and production practices are important drivers of agricultural development in low-income countries like Nepal. Adopting a broad class of such technologies and practices is often critical for meeting the multifaceted goals of efficiency, profitability, environmental sustainability, and climate resilience. This study aims to address the knowledge gaps that still exist concerning what determines the adoption of improved technologies and production practices, the factors affecting their diffusion, the impact of interventions on productivity and crops grown, and the variability of impact within a particular country context. In this paper we address these questions using data collected as part of the USAID-led Knowledge-Based Integrated Sustainable Agriculture in Nepal (KISAN) project. We adopted a multistage sampling technique and surveyed 988 beneficiary households and 997 non-beneficiary households in KISAN intervention districts and non-intervention districts. Our findings suggest that, in Nepal, adoption of improved technologies and practices is significantly increased by improved access to markets, private sector involvement in selling improved seeds and disseminating information, membership in progressive farmers groups and cooperative societies, participation in agricultural training and farm visits, provision of subsidies for seeds, and access to credit. We also found the probability of the adoption of improved practices to be affected by farmers’ sources of information; for instance, the adoption of improved practices was increased when farmers obtained information from informal sources, cooperatives/farmers organizations, and public and private extension programs. The effects of KISAN projects vary significantly across the different crops grown, based on the evaluation models that address self-selection of both project participation and crop choices. These implications may also apply to other parts of the world facing similar challenges as Nepal, where limited market access, insufficient knowledge and resource capacity of farmers constrain their adoption of improved technologies and practices in agriculture.     

中国羊草适宜性区划与种植现状分析

草种栽培区划是农牧业发展的必然趋势,通过实行草种区划,不但可以充分发掘利用现有的优良牧草和饲料作物资源,还可以避免有些地区引种筛选的重复劳动和盲目的国外引种的失败。文章以我国主要的优良牧草—羊草为研究对象,开展羊草在我国适宜性区划与种植现状的研究。适宜性区划是基于自然要素的生态适宜性模型,结合牧草生物学特性,综合考虑各因子进行系统分析,同时联系牧草实际生产情况完成,种植现状通过统计数据获得。研究结果明确了羊草在全国生态范围内适宜性的分布区域,提出了我国主要栽培牧草生态适宜区、次适宜区、不适宜区,其中适宜区主要分布在东北区中北部,内蒙古区中东部,黄土高原区部分区域、华北区北端。次适宜区主要分布在东北区中部、内蒙古区北部及中部、华北区中部。根据近10年的统计数据,对羊草在我国的种植现状有了一个初步了解,截止2011年,我国羊草种植面积达66.37万hm~2。研究结果理论上科学,模拟结果上准确。     

Land for dignity and struggle for identity: Landlordism and caste in a village of south India

The paper is concerned with the contemporary relevance of caste to agrarian capitalism and the relations of dependency and allegiance it fosters in a village of Andhra Pradesh. It deploys the method of village study to examine the two-way interaction between agrarian class and caste relations and the emerging rural-based informal nonfarm economy. It elaborates the continuation of relations of debt, dependency, and political allegiance fostered by landlordism despite significant diversification to nonfarm by landlords and labour and identifies the crucial role of land inequality and the working of ritual hierarchy in locking Dalit caste in land-based relations of dependency. The paper highlights the importance of expanding the definition of landlordism as the use of social power for accumulation by embedding it in the motives and values generated by the Hindu social order. While the new wave of literature focuses attention on global capital and commodity chains to understand differentiation of rural population and ruralities, the paper emphasizes the persistent significance of landholding provincial capital in shaping class/caste relations and rural politics and argues for a course correction in thinking about the processes of globalization and new forms of labour control and stresses the continuing significance of the agrarian question.     

Assessment of social–ecological transitions in a peri-urban Ethiopian farming community

In a peri-urban poverty-stricken community in the outskirts of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15 years of development efforts were undertaken by establishing an enterprise, which initially consisted of a horticultural farm and finally was composed of a multifunctional farm and a restaurant with a shop. The enterprise collaborated with BioEconomy Africa, which was charged with administrative, monitoring and facilitation tasks, and provided a training, demonstration and research facility. In the innovation process, the enterprise selected technologies and implemented them within the context of local economic and market conditions. The project benefitted from a flexible allocation of modest funds. This paper assesses the sustainability of the enterprise and the community on the basis of social–ecological system transformability and resilience. The scheme of the Food and Agriculture Organization is used to evaluate the transformability, while resilience is evaluated through self-organization capacity, disturbance absorption capacity, and learning and adaptability. The project period was divided into five Macro-phases. The transformability assessment of the enterprise revealed nonlinear and asynchronous dynamics of environmental sustainability, economic resilience, social well-being and governance that after reaching a minimum attained a maximum at the end of the period under observation. The resilience assessments showed that the self-organization capacity, the disturbance absorption capacity, and learning and adaptability slowly changed to reach a satisfactory level at the end of the observation period. The changes in transformability and resilience profoundly affected the livelihood of the community. The paper demonstrates the important role of agricultural in the development of poverty-stricken peri-urban communities and indicates that innovation processes and the efficiency of facilitation extension model implementation can be enhanced by applying adaptive project execution procedures. It can be concluded that the continuous monitoring and assessments of transformability and resilience are a prerequisite for efficiently moving the socio-ecological system on a smooth road towards a socially acceptable standard of living.