次级贷款的宏观经济因素影响分析

在美国次贷危机以后,中国商业银行次级贷款的总额攀升,成为制约中国商业银行发展的重要因素。本文通过对主要经济指标的主成因分析,探讨宏观经济因素对商业银行次级货款的影响和贡献率。分析表明,作为虚拟经济指标的上证综合指数对次级贷款余额的波动有重大影响,实体经济的稳健运行是次级贷款余额下降的重要基础。因此,在操作层面上可通过扩大内需、改革市场,稳定经济增长和改善商业银行的外部信用环境等措施降低商业银行的次级贷款余额。     

次级贷款的宏观经济因素影响分析

在美国次贷危机以后,中国商业银行次级贷款的总额攀升,成为制约中国商业银行发展的重要因素。本文通过对主要经济指标的主成因分析,探讨宏观经济因素对商业银行次级货款的影响和贡献率。分析表明,作为虚拟经济指标的上证综合指数对次级贷款余额的波动有重大影响,实体经济的稳健运行是次级贷款余额下降的重要基础。因此,在操作层面上可通过扩大内需、改革市场,稳定经济增长和改善商业银行的外部信用环境等措施降低商业银行的次级贷款余额。     

中国房地产市场金融风险分析：基于房价与信贷历史数据的VAR检验

本文以房地产市场与金融机构信贷市场为研究对象,利用2002年1月份至2014年6月份的商品房销售平均价格与短期贷款、中长期贷款、各类总贷款和同业拆借利率建立VAR模型,进行格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应分析和方差分解,探讨房地产市场与信贷市场之间的互动关系。     

基于CRB指数的大宗商品价格对我国金融市场的影响

随着中国经济快速发展,中国经济的对外贸易依存度也越来越大,中国必须从国际市场进口大量的大宗商品原材料.由于国际大宗商品价格波动剧烈,必然会对中国的经济带来一定程度的影响.本文首先选取CRB(Commodity Research Bureau)指标代替大宗商品价格变动和上证综合指来反映我国证券市场变动,对大宗商品价格变动对我国金融市场的传导机制进行定性分析,然后分析大宗商品和证券市场的Granger因果检验,并建立相应的VAR模型,解释大宗商品价格变动对我国金融市场的溢出效应.     

国际大宗商品价格运行态势及其与中国经济随动关系探讨

本文首先分析了近年来国际大宗商品价格的运行特点,然后利用Granger因果检验等方法进行分析后发现,国际大宗商品价格波动与我国物价水平、出口形势、经济增长等指标的变动具有一定程度的一致性.     

国际大宗商品市场对我国股票市场影响的研究

随着经济发展的国际化,我国的对外贸易经济也得到迅猛发展.近几年随着中国固定资产的增长速度加快,中国经济市场对国际大宗商品的需求也越来越大.但国际大宗商品的期货价格这几年的波动幅度非常大,这种价格的波动严重影响了中国经济的发展.而股票市场是中国经济市场的重要组成部分,国际大宗商品的价格波动也会对其造成一定的影响.本文主要从传导机制分析国际大宗商品市场对我国股票市场的影响,并提出一定的政策建议,为今后国际大宗商品市场与我国股票市场的关联研究提供一些理论参考依据.     

国际大宗商品价格波动对我国物价水平的风险传导

目前我国正处于经济高速发展时期,正在进行经济转型,我国一些主要的基础原材料和大宗商品无法满足经济发展的需求,因此我国对国际大宗商品的需求不断加大。国际大宗商品价格的波动相对剧烈,这会对我国经济的稳定带来不利影响。本文选取大宗商品价格指数BPI和居民消费价格指数CPI,通过协整检验和格兰杰检验研究了国际大宗商品价格对我国物价水平的影响。研究发现国际大宗商品价格是一般物价水平的格兰杰原因,且二者之间存在长期的协整关系。本文最后以实证结果为基础,提出政策建议。     

福建省金融统计资料(2005年6月)

金融机构人民币信贷收支报表单位:亿元来源方项目余额运用方项目余额各项存款企业存款活期存款定期存款储蓄存款活期存款定期存款668920041491513365215122140各项贷款短期贷款工业贷款商业贷款农业贷款中长期贷款494023207702383142096注:本表统计口径包括人民银行、政策性银行、国有商业银行、其他商业银行、城市商业银行、城市信用社、农村信用社、信托投资公司、邮政储蓄机构、外资金融机构。国家银行人民币信贷收支报表来源方项目余额运用方项目余额各项存款企业存款活期存款定期存款储蓄存款活期存款定期存款477611628702922962124917…     

从国际大宗商品价格波动看“中国需求”

近年来国际大宗商品日益体现出较强金融属性,价格波动受交易主体的影响远大于供求关系本身。本文对最近5年国际铜市场价格变化与供需状况进行实证分析,通过协整检验建立误差修正模型(ECM),指出国际金融资本炒作"中国需求",利用期货市场金融化大宗商品的事实,并相应提出了行业政策建议。     

从进口国汇率视角看国际大宗商品价格波动北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文从大宗商品进口国(中国、日本、韩国、印度)汇率视角研究国际大宗商品价格与汇率间的动态关系。首先,在样本内和样本外预测中,中国和韩国名义有效汇率对本国大宗商品价格有稳健的预测能力,但是日本和印度不显著,同时四国名义有效汇率对国际大宗商品价格和国际原油价格具有很好的预测能力。本文也检验了相反方向的预测(大宗商品价格预测汇率),但没有发现显著的预测结论。其次,对影响预测结论差异的结构性因素进行了研究,实证表明汇率制度和贸易依存度具有重要影响。本文相关结论为中国等国际大宗商品主要进口国应对国际大宗商品价格波动带来的负面冲击提供了新的理论。最后,本文提出了防范大宗商品价格风险的一系列政策建议。     

Pricing Commodity Spread Options with Stochastic Term Structure of Convenience Yields and Interest Rates

The purpose of this research is to provide a valuation formula for commodity spread options. Commodity spread options are options written on the difference of the prices (spread) of two commodities. From the aspect of commodity contingent claims, it is considered that commodity spread options are difficult to evaluate with accuracy because of the existence of the convenience yield. Hence, the model of the convenience yield is the key factor to price commodity spread options. We use the concept of future convenience yields to develop the model that enriches the stochastic behavior of convenience yield. We also introduce Heath-Jarrow-Morton interest rate model to the valuation framework. This general model not only captures the mean reverting feature of the convenience yield, but also allows us to handle a very wide range of shape that the term structure of convenience yield can take. Therefore our model provides various types of models. The numerical analysis presented in this paper provides some unique features of commodity spread options in contrast to normal options. These characteristics have never been addressed in previous studies. Moreover, it suggests that the existing model overprice commodity spread options through neglecting the effect of interest rates.     

Calibrating a market model with stochastic volatility to commodity and interest rate risk

Based on the multi-currency LIBOR Market Model, this paper constructs a hybrid commodity interest rate market model with a stochastic local volatility function allowing the model to simultaneously fit the implied volatility surfaces of commodity and interest rate options. Since liquid market prices are only available for options on commodity futures, rather than forwards, a convexity correction formula for the model is derived to account for the difference between forward and futures prices. A procedure for efficiently calibrating the model to interest rate and commodity volatility smiles is constructed. Finally, the model is fitted to an exogenously given correlation structure between forward interest rates and commodity prices (cross-correlation). When calibrating to options on forwards (rather than futures), the fitting of cross-correlation preserves the (separate) calibration in the two markets (interest rate and commodity options), while in the case of futures a (rapidly converging) iterative fitting procedure is presented. The fitting of cross-correlation is reduced to finding an optimal rotation of volatility vectors, which is shown to be an appropriately modified version of the ‘orthonormal Procrustes’ problem in linear algebra. The calibration approach is demonstrated in an application to market data for oil futures.     

Long term spread option valuation and hedging

This paper investigates the valuation and hedging of spread options on two commodity prices which in the long run are in dynamic equilibrium (i.e., cointegrated). The spread exhibits properties different from its two underlying commodity prices and should therefore be modelled directly. This approach offers significant advantages relative to the traditional two price methods since the correlation between two asset returns is notoriously hard to model. In this paper, we propose a two factor model for the spot spread and develop pricing and hedging formulae for options on spot and futures spreads. Two examples of spreads in energy markets – the crack spread between heating oil and WTI crude oil and the location spread between Brent blend and WTI crude oil – are analyzed to illustrate the results.     

On the valuation of reverse mortgage insurance

This article presents a closed-form formula for calculating the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio in an adjusted-rate reverse mortgage (RM) with a lump sum payment. Previous literatures consider the pricing of RM in a constant interest rate assumption and price it on fixed-rate loans. This paper successfully considers the dynamic of interest rate and the adjustable-rate RM simultaneously. This paper also considers the housing price shock into the valuation model. Assuming that house prices follow a jump diffusion process with a stochastic interest rate and that the loan interest rate is adjusted instantaneously according to the short rate, we demonstrate that the LTV ratio is independent of the term structure of interest rates. This argument holds even when housing prices follow a general process: an exponential Lévy process. In addition, the HECM (Home Equity Conversion Mortgage) program may be not sustainable, especially for a higher level of housing price volatility. Finally, when the loan interest rate is adjusted periodically according to the LIBOR rate, our finding reveals that the LTV ratio is insensitive to the parameters characterizing the CIR model.     

Monetary and financial stability in the euro area: Pro-cyclicality versus trade-off

This paper investigates the nexus between monetary stability and financial stability. We examine, in the experience of EMU between 1994 and 2008, first, the response of the term structure of interest rates, share prices, exchange rates, property price inflation and the deposit–loan ratio of the banking sector (our proxies for financial stability) to changes in the consumer price level and ECB policy rate (our proxies for monetary stability); second, whether and to what extent lower inflation has caused share price stability and how ECB policy rate has reacted to inflation. Using a sign-restriction-based VAR approach, we find that there is a pro-cyclical relationship between monetary and financial stability in the long-run. With a positive inflation shock, we find on average a 2% estimated decline in share prices. This suggests that the interest rate instrument used for inflation targeting is conducive to financial stability.     

What does futures market interest tell us about the macroeconomy and asset prices?

Economists have traditionally viewed futures prices as fully informative about future economic activity and asset prices. We argue that open interest could be more informative than futures prices in the presence of hedging demand and limited risk absorption capacity in futures markets. We find that movements in open interest are highly pro-cyclical, correlated with both macroeconomic activity and movements in asset prices. Movements in commodity market interest predict commodity returns, bond returns, and movements in the short rate even after controlling for other known predictors. To a lesser degree, movements in open interest predict returns in currency, bond, and stock markets.     

Commodity Spread Option with Cointegration

We derive the valuation formula of a European call option on the spread of two cointegrated commodity futures prices, based on the Gibson–Schwartz with cointegration (GSC) model. We also analyze the American commodity spread option including the early exercise premium representation and an analytical approximation valuation formulae with cointegration. In the numerical analysis, we compare the spread option values calculated by the GSC model and the Gibson–Schwartz (GS) model that ignores cointegration. Consistent with the intuition that the cointegration prevents the prices from diverging, the GSC model prices the commodity spread option lower than the GS model which have longer maturity of more than 6 years. In other words, the GS model may overprice the commodity spread options for those with longer maturity without taking account of cointegration. Thus, incorporating cointegration is important for valuation and hedging of long-term commodity spread options such as large scale oil refining plant developments.     

短期融资券发行利差结构分析

本文选取175只短期融资券为样本，研究各主要因素对短期融资券发行利差的影响。实证分析发现，短期融资券发行利差具有明显的期限结构，并受到发行规模、央票利率水平、企业性质和重大信用风险事件的显著影响，个另4行业和超大型企业也能享受一定的利差优惠。研究还表明，现阶段在发行人个体层面没有明显的利差结构性差异，表现为发行人财务指标对发行利差的影响不显著。     

Effects of speculation and interest rates in a “carry trade” model of commodity prices

The paper presents and estimates a model of the prices of oil and other storable commodities, a model that can be characterized as reflecting the carry trade. It focuses on speculative factors, here defined as the trade-off between interest rates on the one hand and market participants' expectations of future price changes on the other hand. It goes beyond past research by bringing to bear new data sources: survey data to measure expectations of future changes in commodity prices and options data to measure perceptions of risk. Some evidence is found of a negative effect of interest rates on the demand for inventories and thereby on commodity prices and positive effects of expected future price gains on inventory demand and thereby on today's commodity prices.     

A two-factor cointegrated commodity price model with an application to spread option pricing

In this paper, we propose an easy-to-use yet comprehensive model for a system of cointegrated commodity prices. While retaining the exponential affine structure of previous approaches, our model allows for an arbitrary number of cointegration relationships. We show that the cointegration component allows capturing well-known features of commodity prices, i.e., upward sloping (contango) and downward sloping (backwardation) term-structures, smaller volatilities for longer maturities and an upward sloping correlation term structure. The model is calibrated to futures price data of ten commodities. The results provide compelling evidence of cointegration in the data. Implications for the prices of futures and options written on common commodity spreads (e.g., spark spread and crack spread) are thoroughly investigated.