新资本协议内部评级法对宏观经济运行的影响：亲经济周期效应研究

新资本协议内部评级法大幅度提高了资本监管的风险敏感度,有助于增强银行体系的运行效率和稳定性,但可能导致信贷运行和经济周期的过度波动。本文认为,由于信用风险是变化的,违约概率、违约损失以及违约风险暴露具有亲周期的特点,亲周期程度取决于银行所采用的模型方法和预测时间;通过第一支柱下降低风险参数的风险敏感度、降低风险权重函数曲线的斜率,第二支柱下的压力测试、设立超额资本要求、平滑风险权重函数的输出值,以及提取动态准备金和实施宏观经济政策等方法能够有效缓解内部评级法的亲经济周期效应;监管当局应在更宏观的框架下分析内部评级法的宏观经济效应,选择合理的政策工具解决亲经济周期效应问题。     

经济资本的亲周期效应:基于ECP模型的理论分析

经济资本具有比监管资本更显著的亲周期效应,但还没有受到应有的关注。本文构建了一个ECP模型来诠释经济资本亲周期效应的生成机理;然后对比分析经济资本和监管资本的亲周期效应的具体差异;再通过修正的IS-LM模型来验证经济资本亲周期效应对货币政策和财政政策效果的扭曲;最后为银行监管当局和银行机构提出缓释经济资本亲周期效应的对策建议。     

资本充足要求对商业银行信贷增长的影响

实施资本充足率办法前后,影响商业银行信贷增长的因素各有不同。从总体上看,实施资本充足率办法后,商业银行信贷将会保持稳定并适度增长,信贷结构可能会发生较大调整,个人金融业务和投融资业务的占比将会有所提升,银团贷款也会得到发展。     

Risk-Based Capital and Credit Insurance Portfolios

This paper analyzes the risk-management practices of a vulnerable credit insurer by studying the effects of time-varying correlations, asset risks and loan maturities on the risk-based capital that backs credit insurance portfolios. Since asset correlations may change over a business cycle, we have analyzed these effects by means of a one-factor Gaussian stochastic model as part of an extended contingent claims analysis. Our results show the need to account for cyclical changes to correlations in the pricing of credit insurance. When compared with the reserve of risk-based capital recommended by the Basel II Internal Ratings-Based (IRB) approach, our model provides a better capital buffer against extreme credit losses, especially in times of recession and/or in a risky business environment. Using a risk-adjusted performance metric (RAPM), we find insurers perform better when insuring relatively short-term loans. We also make several policy recommendations on creating a reserve of risk-based capital to protect against possible loan losses.     

The Impact of Capital Requirements and Managerial Compensation on Bank Charter Value

This paper examines the joint impact of capital requirements and managerial incentive compensation on bank charter value and bank risk. Most of the previous literature in the area of banking and agency theory has focused on asymmetric information between either banks and regulators, (and therefore on the role of bank capital), or between bank shareholders and bank managers, (and therefore on the role of managerial ownership). In this paper we unify these issues and present empirical results from the regression of capital requirements jointly with measures of incentive compensation on Tobin's Q, our proxy for bank charter value, and on the standard deviation of total return, our proxy for bank risk. In a sample of 102 bank holding companies we find that capital levels are consistently a significant positive factor in determining bank charter value and a significant negative factor in determining risk. On the other hand, we find our six measures of incentive compensation to be generally insignificant relative to charter value but do provide some evidence consistent with a theory relating types of incentive compensation with risk.     

The Impact of Risk-Based Premiums on FDIC-Insured Institutions

This paper examines the effect of a series of announcements leading to the approval of risk-based deposit insurance premiums on returns to stockholders of commercial banks. Utilizing risk-weighted capital ratios and measures of overall risk, we group banks according to one of the nine-tier insurance categories subsequently defined by the FDIC. During the period in which the new insurance system was considered and approved, we found that stockholders of well-capitalized, healthy banks experienced wealth changes significantly different from those experienced by less than well-capitalized, less than healthy banks. Although many argued the premium range in the initial insurance schedule was insufficient, the results show that this initial risk-basing marked an important change in the relative burdens imposed by FDIC insurance.     

Capital, Portfolio, and Growth: Bank Behavior Under Risk-Based Capital Guidelines

This paper examines banks' capital, portfolio and growth decisions from 1986 to 1995, when risk-based capital guidelines were proposed and implemented. Overall, we observe complementarity between equity financing and risk. We find no systematic differences in pre- and postregulation behavior consistent with banks reacting to risk-based capital standards implementation. We do find significant differences, however, between low-capital banks and other banks. For example, increases in equity generally do not lead to increases in assets unless the bank has low capital. We also find that the impact of regulatory variables, such as the ratio of equity to total assets or the of ratio risk-weighted assets to total assets, have the predicted, significant effects for low-capital banks but not necessarily for other banks.     

Procyclicality,Bank Lending,and the Macroeconomic Implications of a Revised Basel Accord

Bank regulators are in the process of implementing revised regulatory capital standards. However, the macroeconomic effects of a revised Basel Accord are uncertain. Examining the various channels through which the revised Accord may influence economic output suggests that making the buffer stock of capital positively related to the business cycle is necessary to reduce procyclicality. This can be accomplished by bank regulators using either enhanced supervisory powers or increased financial disclosure.     

Bank Portfolio Allocation: The Impact of Capital Requirements, Regulatory Monitoring, and Economic Conditions

This paper develops a structural, dynamic model of a banking firm to analyze how banks adjust their loan portfolios over time. In the model, banks experience capital shocks, face uncertain future loan demand, and incur costs based on their proximity to regulatory minimum capital requirements and the intensity of regulatory monitoring. Implications of the model then are estimated using panel data on large U.S. commercial banks operating continuously between December 1989 and December 1997. The estimated model is used to simulate the optimal bank response to (1) past and proposed changes in capital requirements, (2) changes in regulatory monitoring intensity, and (3) economic downturns. The simulation results are used to shed light on the decline in loan growth and the rise in bank capital ratios witnessed over a decade ago as well as the possible impact of the current proposed modification to capital requirements.     

银行业顺周期、信用紧缩与货币政策有效性——基于资本约束的视角

银行业内在的顺周期性被认为是导致金融失衡并触发本轮国际金融危机的重要原因之一,银行在经济处于衰退阶段显现出的信用紧缩行为很大程度上抵消了扩张性货币政策的效力,从而影响到经济复苏的节奏、力度和持续性。这一现象无法通过经典的派生存款理论加以解释。分析在传统的存款准备金约束之上加入了监管资本约束条件,从银行资产负债表的角度解释了银行信贷顺周期性的形成机理,并分析了双重约束下货币政策非对称性的原因与特征。     

Optimal Dynamic Capital Requirements

We characterize welfare maximizing capital requirement policies in a quantitative macrobanking model with household, firm, and bank defaults calibrated to Euro Area data. We optimize on the level of the capital requirements applied to each loan class and their sensitivity to changes in default risk. We find that getting the level right (so that bank failure risk remains contained) is of foremost importance, while the optimal sensitivity to default risk is positive but typically smaller than under Basel internal ratings based (IRB) formulas. Starting from low levels, savers and borrowers benefit from higher capital requirements. At higher levels, only savers prefer tighter requirements.     

The Interaction between Capital Requirements and Monetary Policy

The interaction between capital requirements and monetary policy is assessed by means of simple rules in a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring a banking sector. In “normal” times, when economic dynamics are driven by supply shocks, an active use of capital requirements generates modest benefits in terms of volatility of the target variables compared to the case in which only the central bank carries out stabilization policies. The lack of cooperation between the two policymakers may result in excessive volatility of the monetary policy rate and capital requirements. The benefits of introducing capital requirements become sizeable when financial shocks, which affect the supply of loans, are important drivers of economic dynamics; the availability of capital requirements as a policy tool yields a significant gain in terms of macroeconomic stabilization, regardless of the type of interaction between monetary and capital requirements policies.     

资本监管的金融稳定效应与经济增长效应:综述与展望

维持金融体系稳定和防止宏观经济衰退是后金融危机时代各国普遍面临的两大政策难题,加强资本监管在促进金融稳定的同时是否会阻碍经济增长成为学术研究和政策争论的焦点。围绕资本监管金融稳定效应和经济增长效应的传导机制梳理相关研究文献,发现尽管理论研究普遍认为更加严格的资本监管在促进金融稳定的同时对信贷规模和经济增长造成了不利冲击,但上述机制得以成立的现实条件却非常复杂,实证检验与理论研究结果常常出现背离。鉴于此,未来至少有以下几个可供研究的方向:首先,深化关于资本监管实际效应的传导机制分析。其次,进一步挖掘数据资料以提高实证研究结论的稳健性。再次,通过跨国比较探索导致资本监管实际效应异质性的制度根源。     

Diversification of Macroeconomic Risk and International Integration of Capital Markets: The Case of Mexico

This article tests the arbitrage pricing theory in the contextof the unstable macroeconomic years in Mexico, 1977–87.Using information on returns on assets available to domesticinvestors—primarily stocks traded at the local stock exchange—anattempt is made to ascertain the extent to which these assetshave offered premia for a set of proposed sources of risk. Thepervasive factors that play an important role in asset pricingin Mexico are unexpected inflation, unexpected money growth,innovations in the Standard & Poor's 500 price series, andinnovations in the dollar oil price. A residual market factoris obtained, using the McElroy and Burmeister model. Given thatthese risks get premia over and above the riskless rate, expectedrates of return in Mexico have been higher during the yearsof erratic macroeconomic conditions. Mexico is not consideredto be well integrated with the international capital marketsbecause local sources of risk—such as inflation—arenot priced in the United States, whereas international sourcesof uncertainty—such as oil price shocks—are pricedlocally but not in the United States.     

Bank Capital Requirements, Capital Structure and Regulation

This paper studies the impact of capital requirements, deposit insurance and franchise value on a bank’s capital structure. We find that properly regulated banks voluntarily choose to maintain capital in excess of the minimum required. Central to this decision is both firm franchise value and the ability of regulators to place banks in receivership stripping equity holders of firm value. These features of our model help explain both the capital structure of the large mortgage Government Sponsored Enterprises and the recent increase in risk taking through leverage by financial institutions. The insights gained from the model are useful in guiding the discussion of financial regulatory reforms.     

Capital Requirements for Securities Firms

Regulatory authorities set capital requirements to cover the position risk of securities firms and to protect against losses arising from fluctuations in the value of their holdings. The requirements may be set using the comprehensive approach required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the building-block approach required by the European Community, or the portfolio approach required by the United Kingdom. We compare these three alternatives using a large sample of U.K. equity trading books. The portfolio approach systematically specifies larger requirements for riskier books, and vice versa. It is more efficient than the building-block approach, and far more efficient than the comprehensive approach.     

自然灾害对我国经济运行的影响分析

我国地广人多,地理环境复杂,是一个多自然灾害的国家。2010年以来,自然灾害频发,高于常年水平,给生产生活秩序和经济社会发展造成了巨大的损害,受到社会的广泛关注。本文拟对自然灾害产生的经济根源及其对宏观经济的影响进行分析,并提出相关政策建议。     

宏观环境变化对银行业的影响

美国经济缓慢复苏,欧元区经济受主权债务危机困扰将陷入衰退,日本经济依然低迷,金砖国家经济仍保持快速增长,通胀压力较大。欧元区收缩风险加大,国际油价将高位震荡,人民币汇率在跌停中创下新高,中国货币政策将由从紧转向适度宽松。国内房地产泡沫开始破裂,地方政府融资平台风险开始暴露,货币政策转向使银行流动性压力有望缓