基于实物期权的风险投资决策分析

本文通过对风险投资的特点和传统投资决策方法的分析,指出了传统投资决策方法(DCF法)在评价风险投资项目上的不足之处。然后引入实物期权思想分析了风险投资决策的过程,并分别运用两种期权定价模型(Black-Scholes模型和二叉树模型),通过实例对风险投资项目进行了价值评估,指出了在运用实物期权方法进行投资决策时应该注意的问题。     

实物期权理论在风险投资决策中的应用探析

鉴于风险投资决策传统方法的局限性及风险投资的期权特性,根据实物期权理论,比较分析NPV法与实物期权定价法对计算风险投资项目价值的差异,可看出在风险投资中引入实物期权的思想,对风险投资者做出正确的投资决策及风险资本的保值增值有着重大的指导意义。     

期权定价理论在风险投资决策中的应用探析

鉴于风险投资决策传统方法的局限性及风险投资的期权特性,根据金融期权的定价方法,引出实物期权的定价公式。通过计算风险投资项目中实物期权的价值,比较分析NPV法与实物期权定价法的差异,可得出在风险投资中引入实物期权的思想,对风险投资者作出正确的投资决策,以及对风险资本的保值增值有重大的指导意义。     

实物期权方法在项目投资决策中的应用

常用的投资评价理论一现金流贴现法忽略了决策中的灵活性，把决策看成是一个静止的过程。实物期权方法为投资决策提供了一个全新的视野，它把金融期权的思想运用到实物资产的评价中，充分考虑到决策过程中的管理柔性，以一种动态的方法来评价整个项目。运用Black—Scholes模型和二叉树模型来评价具体案例的投资价值，突出了实物期权方法相对于传统现金流贴现法的不同和改进，说明了实物期权定价模型的选择和应用，具有一定的现实意义。     

房地产投资决策中实物期权方法的应用

传统的净现值投资决策方法将不确定性视为一种损失,忽略了项目投资的灵活性和战略性,往往造成项目价值的低估,而实物期权弥补了NPV法的不足。本文将实物期权方法}J入房地产投资决策中,对比分析了传统净现值法的一些不足,介绍了实物期权的基本理论,并采用了B-S期权定价模型对房地产投资决策过程中蕴含的迟延期权进行了案例分析。     

期权定价理论与矿业权价值评估

随着矿业权有偿取得制度的确立，矿业权价值评估的重要性日益突出。通过对矿业权与期权、实物期权的比较分析，不难看出，矿业权是一种美式看涨实物期权。在传统的贴现现金流量(DCF)法中，往往会忽视不确定性、灵活性所带来的价值，而在实物期权方法中就会得到充分的体现，因而应用实物期权方法评估矿业权价值在一定程度上更具有现实意义。     

企业并购中控制溢价的期权假说

并购方的管理者常被指责支付的溢价过高而导致了并购的失败。本文认为，传统的贴现现金流量法低估了并购的战略价值，实物期权理论可以较好地使我们了解管理者通过并购手段创造各种期权或获取被并购方所拥有的有价值期权的战略思想，为并购的价值评估提供一种新的可供选择的方法。     

项目投资决策的实物期权方法研究

在不确定的环境下,实物期权方法在评价项目投资决策时比传统NPV法更能反映实际。本文基于实物期权理论建立了一个项目投资决策模型,分析了项目投资时机选择、项目期权价值、项目价值以及边界执行价值,并阐述了模型中项目价值波动率、项目持有收益率、无风险利率等参数变化对投资决策的影响。     

实物期权在风险投资中的运用研究

实物期权理论是采用金融期权理论对不确定条件资本投资活动进行分析,其特点在于它在分析过程中包含了对投资者在不确定状态下特有的像延迟、分期、停止等投资决策的价值。风险投资公司在投资过程中同样要对采用何种方案和技术作出决策。该文采用实物期权理论来对风险投资公司的这些决策进行分析,探索出它们对投资项目价值的影响,并对该理论在我国医药企业中的实际应用做出评价。     

投资项目未来价值预测方法探讨

对投资项目未来价值进行预测是项目投资过程中需要重点考虑的因素,本文对未来价值预测提出了现金流贴现法及其运用中的缺陷,分析金融期权理论,提出实物期权定价法,运用定量分析模型与风险中性定价理论进行分析,研究单个实物期权、复合实物期权定价方式,对投资项目提出了科学的分析决策依据。     

管理层收购中企业价值的确定及其评估模型

运用实物期权理论研究管理层收购中企业价值评估的模型和整体思路，提出从交易双方的角度分别对企业的自身价值和投资价值进行评估，两者构成企业的价值区间。管理层收购中企业的自身价值由企业的现实资产价值和期权价值构成，企业的投资价值由企业的自身价值和由于管理层收购的实物期权特征与管理成本节约及战略整合效应而产生的收购增加价值构成。管理层收购的期权价值利用复合实物期权模型计算，管理成本节约及战略整合效应利用改进的折现现金流法计算。最后，提出基于实物期权方法的管理层收购中企业价值评估的整体框架。     

The adequacy of volatility for the elaboration of technology valuation based on real options

When evaluating the economic value of a technology or business project, we need to consider the period and cost for commercialisation. Since the discounted cash flow (DCF) method has limitations in that it can not consider consecutive investments or does not reflect the probabilistic property of commercialisation cost, we often take it desirable to apply the concept of real options with key metrics of underlying asset value, commercialisation cost, and volatility, while regarding the value of technology and investment as the opportunity value. We provide more elaborated real options model, which reflects the uncertainty in the option pricing model (OPM).     

基于盖斯克模型与模糊数的综合模型在风险投资项目中的应用

风险投资项目具有高不确定性,因此将风险投资项目复合实物期权方法中的期望现金流现值和投资成本均假定为确定值是不现实的。因此本文运用了复合实物期权(Geske模型)与模糊数的综合模型。该综合模型较好地解决了风险投资项目中的期望现金流现值和投资成本不为确定值的情况,并结合实例证明了其有效性。     

The impact of price floors on farmland investments: a real options based experimental analysis

Price floors are a common instrument for market intervention to stimulate investments. In some cases, it can be observed that a price floor does not have the stimulating effect. We experimentally analyse the investment behaviour of students who take the role of farmers. The experiment considers an investment problem under uncertainty in a ‘with price floor’ and a ‘no price floor’ treatment, stylizing a decision to take an ongoing farmland investment option. We compare the actual investment behaviour with normative benchmarks of the net present value and the real options approach. Furthermore, we look at order and learning effects. The results show that the price floor has no significant impact on the willingness to invest, whereas the effects of order were statistically significant. The investment reluctance arising from an abolishment is stronger than the investment stimulation arising from the introduction of a price floor. Furthermore, neither the net present value nor the real options approach is appropriate to predict the investment behaviour in general. Nevertheless, the predictions of the real options approach enable an approximation of the participants’ investment behaviour if the individuals have an adequate chance to learn from personal experience.     

企业价值创造的期权博弈分析

期权博弈理论将战略管理领域企业价值创造的内源观和外源观进行了有机结合,由此可以对企业价值创造的来源做一全面综合的定性与定量分析。企业价值的实现主要是实现即时现金流价值与期权灵活性价值之间的均衡以及期权灵活性价值与战略占先价值之间的均衡。“西红柿花园”提供了一个进行投资时机决策的平台,有利于更好地分析在不确定和竞争环境中投资期权价值的实现。     

Irreversibility,mean reversion,and investment timing

This paper examines the effect of irreversibility on investment under mean reversion. We develop a continuous-time model wherein a risk-neutral firm is endowed with a perpetual option to invest in a project at any time by incurring a fixed investment cost at that instant. The project, once undertaken, generates a stream of cash flows that are governed by a mean-reverting stochastic process. The firm is then allowed to liquidate its project at any time to partially recover the fixed investment cost. The recovery rate of the fixed investment cost inversely gauges the degree of irreversibility of investment. Using a real options approach, we derive an analytical solution to the value of the firm that is analogous with an American compound option. We show that greater irreversibility of investment induces the firm to raise its investment trigger, thereby deferring the undertaking of the project. We further show that greater irreversibility of investment has a detrimental effect that makes the firm less valuable.     

基于实物期权的创业投资资本资产定价模型

创业投资的特质与实物期权方法有实质的契合性,表现在创业投资的风险水平同实物期权的波动率之间。创业投资的分期投资与实物期权的期权价值之间有着密切的关联性。这种内在契合性是运用实物期权方法研究创业投资定价研究的基础。基于Black-Scholes偏微分方程的实物期权模型构造的多期创业投资的实物期权定价模型,更具现实解释力。     

Optimal Investment and Financial Strategies under Tax‐Rate Uncertainty

Abstract. In this paper, we apply a real‐option model to study the effects of tax‐rate uncertainty on a firm's decision. In doing so, we depart from the relevant literature, which focuses on fully equity‐financed investment projects. By letting a representative firm borrow optimally, we show that debt finance not only encourages investment activities but can also substantially mitigate the effect of tax‐rate uncertainty on investment timing.     

基于两维思考的技术创新投资优化研究

借助“两维思考”的实物期权方法,分析了不确定条件下的企业技术创新投资决策优化问题。研究表明:针对技术创新投资所特有的不确定环境,企业可利用实物期权方法的相对优势,将传统评价方法所忽略的“管理柔性"纳入考虑范畴,识别不确定中的机会与威胁,有效地进行技术创新投资决策。     

Real options or disaster risk? Distinguishing uncertainty effects on investment

ABSTRACT

Motivated by the fact that uncertainty shocks are a countercyclical phenomenon, this article takes a deeper look at the nature of uncertainty shocks in times of crisis and its effect on the real economy. We distinguish between volatility and disaster risk shocks and specify the consequences of these shock specifications on investment decisions. We first analyse the different impact of both shocks within a real options framework. Our theoretical results show that the effects of the two shocks are different, especially concerning disinvestment and the mid-term investment response. Second, we perform structural vector autoregression (SVAR) estimations on different country data sets. The SVAR estimations confirm our theoretical hypothesis: countries more prone to states of disaster do not show the usual real option pattern of investment to an uncertainty shock.