我国东部地区创新资源配置效率评价研究

使用DEA模型对我国东部11个省市创新资源配置效率进行研究，研究结果表明：我国东部地区虽然有6个省市创新资源配置效率较高，但仍有5个省市效率不高，存在不同程度的创新投入冗余或产出不足。基于此提出各省市应该充分发挥资源和地理位置的优势，不断优化创新资源配置效率的对策建议，使其能够在经济转型期间以创新驱动发展并带动中西部地区创新发展。     

电力行业污染排放许可证不同分配方式的对比研究

文章通过建立电力生产边际成本模型,研究两种许可证分配方式（配送和拍卖）对不同的污染排放交易体系（限额和降低排放信用率）的影响。在限额体系下,分配方式的影响微弱;在信用率体系下,分配方式的影响依赖于企业生产行为的变化。与配送相比,拍卖中的边际成本会随着产量减少（增加）而降低（增加）。     

经济学研究的根本目的及其实现途径——主流经济学的演化和反思

从本体论的角度,经济学研究的基本目的是提高国民和社会的福利,尤其是低收入阶层的福利或生活水平问题。相应地,实现这一目的主要有两个途径：一是在既定的资源情况下如何最大化使用问题,即新古典经济学强调的稀缺性资源的配置问题;二是在使用效率不变的情况下如何增加财富或资源的问题,即古典经济学关心的国民财富如何增长的问题。显然,由于在不同历史时期人们的需求是不同的,从而实现福利增进的途径是不同的,这导致了经济学主流取向的演变;另外,研究人类福利的经济学必然涉及到社会公平和使用效率之间关系的问题,因而现代主流经济学将其研究内容内缩于稀缺性资源配置这单一层面就显得非常片面。     

经济学中演化分析和均衡分析的历史争论与现实反思

在经济现象的产生和发展上,经济学界长期存在两种解释思路：一是基于异质性个体互动的基础之上的动态演化分析,这是以有机的、动态的和开放的世界观为基础的结构主义思路,它把行为主体看成是异质的;二是基于同质性个体假设基础上的静态（或比较静态）均衡分析,这是以机械的、静态的和封闭的世界观为基础的新古典主义传统,它强调行为主体的同质化。显然,现代经济学的基石就是一般均衡理论,因而静态均衡分析也就是现代经济学的基本方法;在均衡框架下,现代经济学研究理性经济人如何按照效用最大化原则实现资源最优配置。但是,这种均衡分析用于分析现实时却遇到非常严峻的问题：一者,它所依赖的假设条件是非现实;二者,无法考察人类行为和经济现象的动态演化。因此,现代主流经济学也正面临着严峻的挑战。     

考虑产权属性的发电商投资阈值模型及其分析

论文在考虑发电商电力报价与二次成本函数的基础上,基于发电商的边际效用,建立了产权属性条件约束下的发电商最优投资阈值模型;分析结果表明:完全市场竞争条件下,发电商最优投资阈值与其产权属性因子存在正向关系,产权属性因子值越大,发电商最优投资阈值越高,发电商越具有民营性质,反之,发电商越具有国有属性,且国有发电商的投资积极性比民营发电商高,这与经济学原理和我国电力经济生活相一致。     

Regional allocation of carbon dioxide abatement in China

This paper aims to identify which provinces will be allocated more (less) of a carbon dioxide reduction burden within China's pledge to reduce its carbon intensity at the Copenhagen conference. Using an extended Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model incorporating an undesirable output, the CO₂ reduction potential and marginal abatement costs are estimated for 29 provinces over the period 1995–2007. The CO₂ Abatement Capacity Index (ACI) is constructed based on weighted equity and efficiency indexes. We find that there exists a large gap in potential reduction capability and marginal abatement cost among the eastern, middle and western regions. The eastern region has the least inefficient emission and the highest marginal abatement cost, while the western region has the largest potential reduction capability and the lowest marginal cost faced in reducing CO₂ emissions. The difference in potential CO₂ abatement among the provinces results from different industry structures, energy compositions and degrees of the openness of trade. The ACI ranking and the final allocation among provinces depend on the policy-makers' preferences regarding equity and efficiency.     

Effects of Government Spending on the Current Account with Endogenous Time Preference

This paper extends a previous model to set up a small open economy with perfect capital mobility, and examines the effects of an unanticipated permanent rise in public spending on the optimal rates of private consumption and the current account. The novelty of the paper is consideration of the relationship between private and public consumption in the household's utility function as well as endogenous rates of time preference. It is found that the key factor determining the adjustment patterns of private consumption and the current account is the marginal utility of private consumption and of public spending, which results from endogenous recursive preferences.     

Policing the provinces: A budgetary analysis

This article examines the impact of the Financial and Fiscal Commission's (FFC) new provincial financing dispensation on the allocation of police resources and on the deliv ery of police services at provincial level. Trends in the police budget since the late 1989s are examined, and the existing provincial allocation of police resources is analysed, as well as the relationship between crime rates, socio‐economic variables and the provincial allocation of police resources. A new framework for the provincial allocation of police resources is subsequently proposed. This framework is based on the FFC's proposed provincial grants formula and the establishment of a Crime Equalisation Fund (CEF) which allocates additional police resources based on each province's per capita crime rates and specific priority crimes. The article argues that the phased reallocation of po lice resources to provinces via this new framework will contribute to a more equitable and effective utilisation of existing police resources, which in turn should have a positive impact on the delivery of police services and the levels of crime. It also suggests that the further devolution of the police budget to provinces is likely to be inhibited by the ANC's commitment to retaining a national, centralised police service. Thus, any further devolu tion of budgetary powers with respect to policing will be determined by the outcome of centre‐province political dynamics rather than by the need to combat crime more effec tively at provincial levels.     

Sustainability with endogenous discounting

We construct a dynamic competitive model with a stock of human‐made capital and several stocks of natural resources and ask under what conditions consumption will be constant if infinitesimal households with heterogeneous preferences and endowments discount their utility at an endogenous rate that depends on some macroeconomic variables. We show that for consumption to be constant, this function must be the marginal product of capital function. We demonstrate that Hartwick's rule holds in a modified form that takes account of natural growth of resource stocks.     

医疗决策情景下医生利他性测量的实验经济学研究

随着实验经济学、行为博弈论的发展,传统经济学中的自利假设受到利他倾向的挑战。利他性在医疗决策中体现为医生行为偏离个人利益最大化,关注患者健康福利,被认为是医生绩效和医疗服务质量的关键决定因素之一,对公益性导向和满足社会公众利益最大化目标的落实具有重要意义。但是利他性难以测量影响了对医生利他性的研究和有效激励机制的建立。本研究基于显示偏好原理并采用独裁者博弈为基础设计的受控实验室实验模拟医生医疗决策情景,根据医生决策结果,分别基于医生效用函数计算和运用随机效用模型估算医生的利他性。结果显示医生决策过程中对患者健康效益给予了正向权重。医生的利他性存在异质性。基于医生效用函数计算的利他性均值为0.82,表明医生对患者健康效益的权重为82%。96%的医生利他性大于0.5,50%的医生利他性大于0.85。运用随机效用模型估算的利他性(患者健康效益与医生利润的边际替代率)为1.078>1,49%的医生边际替代率大于1,说明相比个人利益医生更加重视患者健康效益。两种方法下测量的利他性显著正相关(Spearman’s ρ=0.715, p<0.001)。提示本研究应用的医疗决策情景下利他性的测量方法可实现医生利他性的量化,基于两种方法测量的医生利他性可以相互印证。     

区域人力资本优化配置效率评价及其对经济增长作用分析

新经济增长理论证明,人力资本配置是实现人力资本效用最大化、保证经济增长的重要途径。文章在分析人力资本配置方式和配置内容的基础上,将帕累托标准作为区域人力资本优化配置效率标准,构建了区域人力资本最优配置效率评价的基本模型,并对人力资本优化配置效率促使区域生产要素的合理配置、促进区域人力资本结构优化、推进区域技术创新和进步、推动产业结构升级和区域就业结构趋于合理等方面进行分析,以期对人力资本优化配置问题的深入研究有所参考。     

Sources of spatial welfare disparities in Indonesia: Household endowments or returns?

This article investigates (i) the extent to which the differences in the standard of living among districts in Indonesia are due to differences in the marginal welfare gains (returns) associated with household mobile endowments or differences in household endowments themselves; and (ii) whether the current allocation of fiscal expenditures by the central authorities is related to the main determinants of the spatial disparities in welfare among districts. Differences in the returns to household mobile characteristics are found to be the primary explanation of the welfare differences. The allocation of fiscal transfers to districts is found to be based on “needs” defined as low returns to household mobile endowments. This also suggests that the design of the fiscal transfer system is consistent with promoting the opportunities for welfare across districts as opposed to equalizing the level of welfare itself. Finally, the marginal welfare gains of most household mobile endowments are found to be higher in districts with more roads.     

科技计划优先支持产业领域选择

科技计划是政府引导与优化区域科技创新资源配置的战略手段,科学确定科技计划优先支持产业对提升区域科技创新资源配置水平与利用效率具有重要意义。文章运用主导产业选择理论思想,提出优先支持产业的选择原则,设计了相应的评价指标体系与方法。以黑龙江省为例进行实证分析,在对黑龙江省六大产业的24个细分领域进行单指标分析基础上,进一步对其开展了综合评价,为政府管理部门制定科技政策和科技计划提供了有效的决策支持。     

“部门化”城市管理体制下“所有者缺位”问题及其治理

为了解部门化城市管理制度下的“所有者缺位”问题，文章把城市管理权力作为一种资本，将参与城市管理的主体作为资本行为者，引入城市管理效用的边际替代率分析，探寻部门化管理机制何以导致城市管理所有者缺位。研究表明，由于部门的简单细化，出现部门管理资源禀赋差异，进而导致城市管理行为出现分化，如职能部门间不均衡，参与主体间失衡等，从而产生城市管理的“所有者缺位”问题。而应对此问题，需在法理层面、制度层面、意识层面和操作层面上做出相关对策探讨。     

医疗卫生财政支出对经济增长贡献的时空差异-基于1997-2012年30个省级地区面板数据分析

文章基于1997-2012年30个省级地区数据构建固定效应模型，选用“医疗卫生财政支出决算额”测算医疗卫生财政支出水平，研究分析医疗卫生财政支出对经济增长贡献的时间、空间差异及原因。结果显示：医疗卫生财政支出对经济增长存在明显时空差异，空间上表现为西部地区医疗卫生财政支出的贡献度最高，东部次之，中部最低，时间上呈现出“由低到高，日趋平稳”的变化趋势。政府应明确自身职能责任，通过加大西部地区医疗卫生财政支出力度，提高财政支出效率等途径，整合全社会卫生资源，完善医疗卫生资源分配机制。     

Structure of the optimal income tax in the quasi-linear model

Existing numerical characterizations of the optimal income tax have been based on a limited number of model specifications. As a result, they do not reveal which properties are general. We determine the optimal tax in the quasi-linear model under weaker assumptions than have previously been used; in particular, we remove the assumption of a lower bound on the utility of zero consumption and the need to permit negative labor incomes. A Monte Carlo analysis is then conducted in which economies are selected at random and the optimal tax function constructed. The results show that in a significant proportion of economies the marginal tax rate rises at low skills and falls at high. The average tax rate is equally likely to rise or fall with skill at low skill levels, rises in the majority of cases in the centre of the skill range, and falls at high skills. These results are consistent across all the specifications we test. We then extend the analysis to show that these results also hold for Cobb-Douglas utility.     

马克思交换价值理论不能与边际效用论综合为一个新理论——析樊纲的新交换价值理论

樊纲在其专著《现代三大经济理论体系的比较与综合》中的新交换价值理论错误地认为,商品之间的使用价值关系在马克思简单价值形式（物物交换形式）中的表现,与效用在边际效用均衡规律中的表现有共同之处,使用价值与效用是相同的。樊纲分别篡改了马克思价值理论和边际效用学派的消费者边际效用均衡理论,然后又把它们机械地组合起来,所形成的新交换价值理论不是对马克思价值论和边际效用论的有机综合,是一个没有理论依据和不能自圆其说的理论。     

注意力配置与企业出口产品技术含量——来自中国加入3G网络的证据

文章基于2006-2013年中国工业企业数据库、海关数据库和百度指数数据库,借助2009年中国加入3G网络这一外生政策冲击构造准自然实验,采用双重差分法评估注意力配置对企业出口产品技术含量的因果效应。研究发现：（1）注意力配置对企业出口产品技术含量产生了显著的促进作用,即使考虑了识别假设条件和一系列其他可能干扰估计结果的因素后这一结论依旧稳健。（2）从影响机制看,注意力配置会通过提高企业创新效率、降低企业信息搜索成本来促进企业出口产品技术含量的提升。（3）从企业、行业以及国家异质性看,注意力配置更容易促进一般贸易型、高技术产品行业以及面向发达国家出口企业的出口技术含量提升。文章的结论为我国进一步扩大无形市场开放、提高企业出口产品技术含量提供了经验证据。     

Strategic Asset Allocation for China＇s Foreign Reserves： A Copula Approach

In this paper, we study strategic asset allocation for China＇s foreign reserves using a risk- based approach. Four aspects of the risk management are investigated： an investment universe, dependence structure, allocation strategies under risk minimization and trade-off between risks and returns. A regime-switching copula model is developed to investigate the dynamic dependence between assets. One regime emphasizes a short-term safe asset and the other regime emphasizes a long-term safe asset. The optimal allocation is derived following two strategies： risk minimization and trade-off between risks and returns in utility maximization with disappointment avoidance, lf the central bank focuses solely on risk minimization, the asymmetries in the asset return dependence encourage the flight to safety. However, if higher risks are allowed in exchange for higher returns, even the exchange is very conservative, and the asymmetries would discourage the flight to safety. Therefore, we suggest that China should mitigate its flight to safety after 2008 and increase holdings of short-term bank deposits, long-term treasury bonds and euro bonds.     

建设节约型社会的金融视角

转变经济增长方式,提高经济增长的质量,重在提高资源配置效率。金融资源配置是经济资源配置的关键,金融效率的高低在很大程度上决定着整个经济效率的高低。金融业:一方面,面临着如何抓住机遇、提高自身金融资源运用效率的问题;另一方面,金融的一项重要职能就是通过对资金资源的配置,引导其他生产要素的合理配置和优化。从这个意义上来讲,金融又是建立资源节约型经济的一个主要切入点。本文通过重新审视节约型社会的涵义,深入剖析了金融在促进经济社会发展、支持节约型社会建设中的作用,并对如何实现金融资源最优配置以支持建立节约型社会问题进行了探讨。