Ethnic Marketing Ethics

Culture plays an important role in defining ethics standards because dissimilar cultures socialize their people differently, according to what is acceptable behaviour. The potential significance of ethnic groups for marketing justifies inquiry into the moral judgments, standards, and rules of conduct exercised in marketing decisions and situations arising from decisions whether or not to focus on individual ethnic groups within an economy. Identifying and targeting ethnic groups for marketing purposes are tasks fraught with many ethical difficulties. In a multicultural society consisting of a dominant group and many diverse, minority groups defined by ethnicity, these problems can be expected to increase substantially. Consequently, marketers may include minority ethnic consumers in their mainstream marketing programs. In itself, this has ethical consequences. Alternatively, if marketers seek to target individual minority ethnic groups within the same economy a further set of ethical consequences needs to be considered. This paper reviews the concepts of ethnicity and ethnic groups and their relevance for marketing strategy within an economy where there is a dominant group and also significant minority ethnic groups. The ethical consequences for minority communities arising from the use of non-ethnic, mainstream marketing programs are examined. An alternative approach, ethnic marketing, is also examined and its ethical consequences in terms of other groups within the one country appraised. The ethical dilemma and tradeoffs facing marketers within advanced, culturally diverse countries are then considered.     

Effects of ethnic advertising on consumers of minority and majority groups: the moderating effect of humor

The effects of portrayals of ethnic endorsers in advertising are ambiguous. These portrayals strengthen the ethnic identity of ethnic minority groups, thus leading to positive responses toward the ad. They can lead to negative responses, because these portrayals can be perceived as stereotyped. Humor is a tool that can increase positive effects of identity-building and reduce negative effects of stereotyping. In this study, we investigate how humor moderates the effects of ethnic advertising on consumers from ethnic minority and majority groups. We find that humor supports the effects of traditional portrayals for both groups. Moreover, the effect of traditional portrayals combined with humor is strongest for the minority group. These findings provide evidence for the positive effects of humor in ethnic advertising and thus provide new insights to the stereotyping, ethnic advertising, and humor literature. The findings have practical implications for advertising using ethnic endorsers, humor, or targeted at ethnic minority groups.     

A fresh start and the learning experience of ethnic minority entrepreneurs

This paper focuses on ethnic minority entrepreneurs whose businesses failed within the first 3 years of trading, but were starting afresh with the help of the Brent Business Venture Fresh Start in Business programme. The paper aims to identify why the entrepreneurs had previously failed; what prompted them to start again; what was different about their business approach and practices second time around; and how key lessons had been learned as a result of their previous experiences that can improve their prospects for success in the future. The resultant insight derives out of an evaluation study of the Fresh Start programme, the methodology for which included initial telephone interviews with 20 ethnic minority entrepreneurs spread across eight business sectors, during which profile data were collected. The second phase of the study involved in‐depth face‐to‐face and semi‐structured interviews with the 20 entrepreneurs. The main findings suggest that failed entrepreneurs learn from their mistakes and actions embedded in the development processes and activities underpinning their first business venture attempt and are more successful second time around. The key learning processes and activities include learning from customer feedback, from interface with suppliers, from interaction with peers and from the fostering and facilitating inputs of provision such as the Fresh Start programme. The ability to learn by doing, problem‐solving and opportunity‐taking is important. The study concludes by highlighting key identified management capabilities which can improve the likelihood of new venture success, and in particular the value of giving future focus to the nature and form of effective strategic learning processes and activities that successful owner managers undertake and how these could be nurtured as part of the would‐be entrepreneurs’‘management capabilities tool box’.     

少数民族残疾人的社会经济状况

利用2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据对中国少数民族人群残疾现患率的流行特征、社会经济状况及其与汉族残疾人的差异进行比较分析。少数民族男性的残疾现患率(6.46%)高于女性(6.03%)。初中及以上教育程度的女性少数民族残疾人仅有10.04%。居住在农村的少数民族残疾人,大约有25%生活在国家规定的农村贫困标准以下,71%的农村少数民族残疾人没有参与任何形式的社会保险。农村、女性、老年残疾人是今后少数民族残疾人扶贫和社会保障覆盖重点干预对象;要优先提高女性残疾人的受教育水平。     

少数民族预科教育创新探析——以西南民族大学预科教育工作开展为例

少数民族预科教育是少数民族高等教育的重要组成部分,是促进少数民族地区经济发展、社会繁荣、民族团结和培养少数民族建设人才的重要手段。西南民族大学在开展预科教育工作中,充分针对预科教育和少数民族学生的特点,有针对性地开展预科教育教学和教育管理创新,从而使预科教育管理既继承传统又有创新,既强调管理,更突出教育,既要求形式,更注重效果,为民族预科教育发展走出了一条新路。     

浅析少数民族地区文化经济发展策略

发展少数民族地区文化经济成为促进少数民族地区县域经济发展的推动力。少数民族地区形成了独具特色的文化,且具有多样性、分布区域性、传承的神秘性以及民族的共同性。少数民族特有的民族文化影响了少数民族劳动者的经济行为、县域经济客体;而对县域经济发展具有双重作用。应大力培育和发展文化产业,加快建立、培育和发展特色民族文化产业集团;不断创建民族文化品牌;积极构建多元化投资机构,吸引投资;积极开发文化资源,大力发展文化产业以促进少数民族地区文化经济发展。     

产业集群与民族地区经济发展关系的研究——以湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州为例

近年来,产业集群的理论和实践研究是经济学界的热点。产业集群能促进区域经济的发展,区域经济的发展也会为产业集群的发展和升级营造良好的环境。我国民族地区大多属于欠发达地区,相比于我国其他内陆地区来说,经济发展较为缓慢,民族地区的经济发展也越来越受到学术界的重视。本文探讨了产业集群与民族地区经济发展的关系,并通过对恩施土家族苗族自治州的实证研究,认为产业经济带动少数民族区域经济发展作用明显,选择主导产业,培育特色产业集群是民族地区发展经济的首选途径。     

土家族农村居民生活消费特征:基于渝东南地区的分析

基于渝东南土家族地区农村居民人均生活消费与人均纯收入的时间序列分析,构建消费函数模型。模型表明该地区农村居民的消费特征与相对收入假说相吻合,同时显示该地区居民边际消费与平均消费倾向偏高。针对这些特点,从该地区的经济特征、居民收入水平、土家族消费文化等方面分析其缘由,并探讨其政策导向。     

电子商务实训室规划与建设

随着电子商务的发展,企业对电子商务人才的需求也不断扩大,众多高校相继开设了电子商务专业,并建立了各有特色的电子商务实训室。但是各高校在实训室运行过程中都存在着这样那样的问题,实验室设置的试验流程同实际业务操作有相当大的出入。因此,结合电子商务发展的特点,打破传统教学思维的禁锢,建设理论实训和技术实训相融合,满足仿真环境下创新实训需求的新型电子商务实训室就显得异常重要了。     

Galvanising Shareholder Activism: A Prerequisite for Effective Corporate Governance and Accountability in Nigeria

Shareholder activism has been largely neglected in the few available studies on corporate governance in sub Saharan Africa. Following the recent challenges posed by the Cadbury Nigeria Plc, this paper examines shareholder activism in an evolving corporate governance institutional context and identifies strategic opportunities associated with shareholders’ empowerment through changes in code of corporate governance and recent developments in information and communications technologies in Nigeria; especially in relation to corporate social responsibility in Nigeria. It is expected that the paper would contribute to the scarce literature on corporate governance and accountability in Africa. Olufemi Amao (LLM, Warwick; LLM, Ibadan, Nigeria; LLB, OAU, Nigeria; BA, Ilorin, Nigeria; BL, NLS) is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Law, University College Cork, Ireland. He is a recipient of the President PhD Scholarship and the Department of Law Scholarship. His current research interests include Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Governance, Multinational Corporations and Human Rights. Kenneth Amaeshi is a Research Fellow at Warwick Business School. His research interests include commercialisation of intellectual property assets; governance of global innovation networks; R&D partnerships; sustainable innovation; multinational corporations and corporate social responsibility in developing economies. He is currently studying comparative political economy of corporate stakeholding and corporate social responsibility. He is the 2007 winner of the International award for excellence in the field of interdisciplinary social sciences, awarded by the international journal of interdisciplinary social sciences (Australia/USA).     

影响商务专业学生进行贸易的决定因素——基于前南斯拉夫7 国民族成见以及民族距离的研究

商务专业学生和经理们在面对国际商务时不仅需要一定的跨文化沟通技巧和能力,也需要清楚地意识到形成他们不同行为的各种复杂的认知过程以及偏见。计划行为理论(TPB)为分析民族成见和民族距离对国际贸易意愿的影响提供了一个可行的研究框架。TPB理论背后的态度—行为关系对教育者很重要,因为他们会培养未来的商务领袖。但是,成见(定势思维)非常微妙,它可以被激活,但却很难应用,因为这需要多种多样的行为控制。在这种情况下,没有很多经验甚至没有任何实践经验的商科学生却可以用来作为评估所谓的\"纯粹的\"民族成见和民族距离的标准,以及民族成见与民族距离对他们开展国际贸易的意愿的影响力,同时也可作为态度和行为之间的一个介质。本文的主要目的是测试商务专业学生对某个特定国家的民族成见和民族距离,以及这样的民族成见和民族距离是否对进行国际贸易意愿有着决定性影响。本文的研究结果显示了在国际商务环境中民族成见对意图行为起到的交互性作用,特别强调了成见激活和成见应用的区别。更强的情感信念通过民族距离与民族划分以及民族仇恨(民族主义)的联系更紧密。     

基于行业就业双元驱动下的高职商务英语人才培养研究

随着全球一体化趋势的不断加快,传统商贸模式的革新势在必行。涉外人才作为传统商贸向新型商贸转变的中心,其角色与功能升级对高职商务英语人才培养提出了更高要求。从当前的经济环境与政策倾向来看,外向型发展在很长一段时间内会成为商贸形式的发展主流,这就为高职院校的商务英语专业带来了很大机遇,同时升级型外贸人才的培养也为高职院校商务英语人才的培养提出了挑战。本文就行业与就业两个方面对高职院校商务英语人才培养的现状进行分析,并提出双元驱动高职商务英语人才培养的有效策略。     

The breakdown of the workplace ‘family’ and the rise of personnel management within an Australian financial institution 1950–1980

The management of its people defines the way in which an organisation develops the capabilities to successfully compete in the market environment. Since the 1950s, approaches to staff management have evolved from traditional bureaucratic foundations to strategic planning exercises. This article uses a case study approach to investigate the way in which the process of organisational learning evolved in the development of personnel management practices. It suggests that although old and new practices were often overlaid on each other, ‘bridges’ developed which allowed the progressive development of new managerial processes.     

Understanding Japanese <Emphasis Type="Italic">CSR</Emphasis>: The Reflections of Managers in the Field of Global Operations

The education of students and professionals in business ethics is an increasingly important goal on the agenda of business schools and corporations. The present study provides a meta-analysis of 25 previously conducted business ethics instructional programs. The role of criteria, study design, participant characteristics, quality of instruction, instructional content, instructional program characteristics, and characteristics of instructional methods as moderators of the effectiveness of business ethics instruction were examined. Overall, results indicate that business ethics instructional programs have a minimal␣impact on increasing outcomes related to ethical perceptions, behavior, or awareness. However, specific criteria, content, and methodological moderators of effectiveness shed light on potential recommendations for␣improving business ethics instruction. Implications for␣future research and practice in business ethics are discussed.     

工商管理专业人才培养模式变革的过程研究

顺应国家人才培养政策和社会人才需求的变化,我国高校工商管理专业普遍对人才培养模式进行了改革。利用卢因的三阶段变革过程模型对工商管理专业人才培养模式变革的过程进行了分析,发现其存在的问题并提出了解决的对策。     

工商管理类专业学生创业能力解构与培养对策——以怀化学院工商管理系为例

工商管理类学生创业能力的培养,是新形势下高校适应市场需要的教育任务之一。目前,大多数学校在创业教育上缺乏系统的培养计划,忽视创业精神的培养,缺乏专业的师资队伍、广阔的实践平台和浓郁的环境氛围。应从优化人才培养方案、强化师资建设、营造环境氛围、加强创业实践等方面采取对策,以提高工商管理类学生的创业能力。