Employment in Estate Agents: Some Evidence from South West England

The estate agency industry has recently undergone a transformation from what was essentially a cottage industry into one dominated by large financial institutions. Despite the high profile of the industry now, little information exists on its characteristics and operations. This article presents some information on employment characteristics in the industry in the south west, focusing particularly on inter-regional differences and illustrating the affects on employment of the recent acquisition boom. Special attention is paid to the gender occupation mix.     

中国房地产业应对外资挑战的政策研究

在简要总结中国大陆外资房地产业现状特征的基础上,分析了中国加入WTO后金融政策调整与外资加快进入房地产业之间的互动关系;重点研究了中国房地产业应对外资挑战的政策措施;提出了加快体制改革和资产重组、提高中介服务水平、在建筑设计和物业管理方面与外资合作以及培养房地产人才等政策建议。     

‘A fraud,a drunkard,and a worthless scamp’: estate agents,regulation, and Realtors in the interwar period

The estate agency industry played a key role in the growth of the interwar property market. An important feature of the industry was the low barriers to entry, particularly in terms of regulating practitioners. Yet repeated attempts were made to introduce mandatory licensing of estate agents during this period, all of which failed. This article explores why these attempts were instigated, by whom, and why they failed. It utilises the comparison with the successful introduction of licensing for real estate brokers in the US. The article argues that the desire for a professional identity fuelled these regulatory efforts, and that industry specific endogenous tensions led to their failure. In doing so, this article informs our knowledge of both the interwar development of this key service industry, and of the concepts used to analyse regulation more generally.     

Putting Ethics on the Agenda for Real Estate Agents

This article uses sociological role theory to help understand ethical challenges faced by Norwegian real estate agents. The article begins with an introductory case, and then briefly examines the strengths and limitations of using legal definitions and rules for understanding real estate agency and real estate agent ethics. It goes on to argue that the ethical challenges of real estate agency can be described and understood as a system of conflicting roles with associated rights and duties, in particular sales agent, intermediary and adviser sub-roles. The arguments are developed using exploratory findings from a survey of Norwegian real estate agents and from several focus groups. The article then suggests the use of various intranet tools as a kind of action research aimed at putting ethics on the real estate agents’ agenda, working to develop a collective conscience and collective self- criticism among the agents, and, in doing so, building bridges between academic research and the practical working world of the agents.     

Real‐estate agent ethics: Selected findings from two Norwegian studies

The article discusses selected findings from two Norwegian studies among real‐estate agents and real‐estate students, and their relevance for real‐estate education in professional ethics. The survey data‐set indicates that the industry morality of real‐estate agents is more peer‐group oriented, less individualistic and more intersubjective than in other comparable Norwegian industries. The qualitative material shows how respondents perceive and discuss three professional role conflict scenarios in a rule‐ or consequence‐focused pattern. The findings are followed by several suggestions relating to conflict handling approaches and professional ethics training among future and present real‐estate agents.     

Financial Institutions and the Estate Agents Industry in the 1980s

The changes which have taken place in the estate agents industry in the 1980s have transformed it from one dominated by small local firms, to one where the major participants are large national financial institutions. Concentration in the industry has increased substantially over the decade and entry conditions are such that it is unlikely to decrease in the coming years. The main reason why the institutions have entered the industry appears to be to market their other services through estate agents. This situation raises problems in terms of whether agents will act in the best interests of their client.     

Non-immersive virtual reality technologies in real estate: How customer experience drives attitudes toward properties and the service provider

Although previous research has highlighted that virtual reality (VR) technologies can enhance customer experience, the efficacy of VR technologies in real estate remains unclear. Therefore, this study examines the effects of offering consumers a non-immersive VR experience via a widely available technology, that allows them to view real estate products. Participants accessed the website of a real estate agency that presented apartments through either static photos or interactive 360° visits. The latter condition was associated with better “visiting” experiences and more positive attitudes toward both the products and the agency. This study highlights the advantages of such technologies in enhancing customer experience and attitudes, particularly in the highly competitive real estate industry.     

房地产开发公司十大股东结构与经营绩效的相关性研究

选取房地产开发经营公司作为研究的切入点,搜集了2007—2009年的相关数据,对其十大股东组成结构和经营绩效的相关性进行回归分析,结果表明,公司绩效受到十大股东结构的影响,相关行业股东比例越大、非相关行业股东比例越小、自然人股东比例越小、国有股东持股比例越小,公司绩效越好,但无法通过显著性检验。同时,房地产开发经营公司应采取适当措施应对政府打压的局面,积极加强和行业内部以及相关行业公司的合作,对各个种类股东的比例加以适当控制。进一步重视委托代理问题,以优化股权结构,提高经营绩效。     

Client Selection of a Residential Real Estate Agency or Agent

Research relating to professional services marketing remains somewhat sparse, despite the increased attention the topic is receiving in the business and academic press. This article reports the findings of a study relating to client selection of a particular type of professional service provider: a residential real estate agent/agency, a virtually unresearched topic. The results clearly indicate that cli- ents tend to select a particular agent rather than an agency, which leads to a number of implications for the marketing of residential real estate-for both agents and agencies. Not only do the results provide insights into one particular decision context, but also many of the implications appear to be generalizable to other professional service providers.     

房地产项目投资风险管理研究浅析

房地产业是进行房地产投资、开发、经营管理和服务的行业,属于第三产业,具有基础性、先导性、带动性和风险性的产业。房地产的特性决定了它投资数额大,投资周期长,变现能力差,投资过程中既有经营风险、金融财政风险等有形风险,也有如政策变化等无形风险。本文通过对房地产项目投资建设过程中普遍存在的风险进行简要分析,浅析房地产项目过程中,风险识别、风险管理研究等。     

谁来拯救实业之心?

目前,大部分大型民营企业的资本配比基本实现主业、房地产、金融证券投资三分天下,而且后两者比例越来越高。实业是经济的基础,当实业家都被"逼"成了投资家,我们不禁要问,谁来拯救实业之心。     

中国房地产业与区域经济耦合协调度研究

在阐释房地产业与区域经济耦合作用机理的基础上,本文建立了二者之间的耦合协调度模型,并以中国35个大中城市为例,对房地产业与区域经济耦合协调状况进行了实证研究。结果表明中国大中城市房地产业与区域经济系统远未达到良性共振状态,二者耦合协调度平均值处于勉强接受区间,属于濒临失调衰退类,大部分城市存在不同程度的经济滞后或房地产滞后;中国大中城市房地产业与区域经济耦合协调度在空间分布上大致符合东、中、西梯度递减的空间分异规律。     

国外商业地产投资风险研究综述

近年来国外学术界对于商业地产相关理论与实证研究越发广泛。本文以商业地产的内涵及相关理论为基础,梳理了近三十年国外商业地产风险问题的文献研究成果,讨论了商业地产研究范围及主要研究内容,认为未来研究可在考虑我国独特的经济和金融制度背景下,通过行业数据挖掘探讨特殊类型的商业地产系统风险与非系统风险动态影响与耦合关系,以为商业地产风险性问题的理论研究和实践活动提供借鉴和参考。     

基于价值链的房地产企业核心能力生命周期演化机理

核心能力是企业持续增长的源泉,房地产企业保持持续发展的关键在于通过企业价值链对产业动态变化的感知,然后调整企业内部价值活动,结束原有核心能力的生命周期,完成核心能力的跃迁进入新的生命周期以满足产业动态的更迭的需要。在构建房地产企业价值链的基础上,通过对产业动态和价值链的相互作用分析来探讨房地产企业核心能力生命周期的演化机理。     

捐赠行为、政府干预与代理效率

本文分析了公司捐赠行为对代理效率的作用机理,发现捐赠支出越多越能缓解现金流用于管理者利己效用支出,代理效率越高、政府干预越少则市场化进程更高、代理效率越高;比较而言,政府干预少的地区企业捐赠支出更能提高代理效率,衰退期行业中同样的捐赠支出提升代理效率的功效有限;规模较小组中捐赠行为更容易被市场识别,规模较大组中捐赠行为更多地被视为一种社会责任。因此,捐赠支出有助于缓解自由现金流代理成本,有助于公司代理效率的改善;现实中捐赠减少现金流的同时提高了公司的代理效率和声誉,利于当前或未来公司价值的提升。     

Investigation of agency agreement formation: new opportunities for marketing relationship development in service industries

This paper examines agent–principal agreements that prevail in marketing structures. Structural equation modeling reveals a new positioning of the relative importance of antecedents in agreement formation for two agency contexts (recruitment consultants and real estate agents). The insignificance of negotiation in agreement formation deviates from services marketing relationship models in which negotiation pre-empts commitment. A close coupling of agent attributes and information disclosure similarly positions business and consumer exchanges, contrary to sales literature. As agreement formation is not directly determined by any single event, management should not focus on outcome-based metrics for process refinement.     

旅行社行业发展动向及对策——以浙江为例

进入21世纪,在高度融入世界经济,全面建设小康社会,构建社会主义和谐社会的历史进程中,浙江旅行社业迎来了新的发展时期,浙江经济社会的发展对旅行社产业提出了新的更高的要求。本文全面分析了浙江省旅行社行业面临的新环境,提出了浙江省旅行社行业的发展思路。     

后危机时代我国房地产业市场结构及优化分析

房地产业在中国是一个高速发展的行业,特别是经过近十多年的发展,我国房地产业已经成为国民经济的基础性产业和支柱产业。但是,我国房地产市场仍然不完善并且结构存在一定的问题,基本结构特征是过度竞争、集中度较低和规模不经济,针对这些问题提出了对我国房地产业进行产业整合和市场结构优化的策略:提升产业集中度;加强政府的资质监管;促进竞争格局;严格控制信贷标准。     

基于房价收入比与售租比对我国房地产价格的分析

针对我国房地产价格自2004年以来出现的不断大幅上涨的现实,本文通过房价收入比、售租比两项指标,对于我国房价高到了何种程度,以及这种房价高涨现象背后所隐藏的经济规律进行了较深入的分析。最后,对于政府如何严格规范我国的房地产市场秩序、如何审慎监管流入房地产行业的国有资产以及如何完善对低收入群体的住房保障,提出了几点建议。     

我国房地产经纪业服务质量评价研究

为了清楚了解我国房地产经纪业的服务质量现状,以SERVQUAL模型为基础,开发出了衡量我国房地产经纪业服务质量的量表,并利用该量表对我国房地产经纪业的服务质量进行评价。研究结果表明,我国房地产经纪服务业为顾客提供的服务质量较低,主要体现在信号显示机制不健全、服务过程质量与服务效用差三方面。