FDI与地方政府财政支出结构的关系研究——基于中国东、中、西部地区29个省市区面板数据

利用中国大陆29个省市区1999—2004年的数据,研究东、中、西部地区FDI与地方政府财政投资性支出和消费性支出的关系,结果表明:东部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正向关系,投资性支出与FDI呈负向关系,都呈"U"型特征;中部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征,而投资性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征;西部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征,投资性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征。     

基于促进消费公平的财政支出结构优化研究

居民消费公平直接影响社会公平与经济公平的实现,对我国社会的和谐发展有着重要意义。通过对财政分类支出与城乡间、地区间居民消费支出差距的关系进行实证研究,本文提出,1980-2010年期间经济建设支出有利于缩小城乡之间和地区之间居民消费差距;共享发展支出长期不均衡发展扩大了城乡之间和地区之间的消费差距;行政服务支出只是城乡居民消费差距扩大的重要原因,而与地区间消费差距的形成无关。因此,需进一步优化我国财政支出结构,促进居民消费公平的实现。     

Impact of wife's employment on service expenditures

Data from the 1986 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the relationship between wife's employment and spending on services that are expected to be sensitive to the value of time. Tobit regression analysis indicated that wife's employment status was influential in explaining expenditure on food away from home, child care and total services only. Other independent variables, such as income, education and age. were more influential in explaining expenditure than was wife's employment status.     

What factors determine e-satisfaction and consumer spending in e-commerce retailing?

Evidently, the Internet has resulted in a fundamental shift in retailing practice, creating a shift in both consumer and business behavior, which has been compared to that of the Industrial Revolution. The purpose of this paper is to analyze customer satisfaction in e-commerce market. In particular, we determine the factors that affect customer e-satisfaction and the relationship between customer satisfaction and consumer spending in e-commerce retailing. We focus on how American based e-commerce firms are impacted by these developments and how marketing practices have reflected the developing e-commerce situation. The results show that customer satisfaction does have an impact on consumer spending in American based e-commerce retailers. Further, the relationship between customer satisfaction and consumer spending is positive, where higher e-satisfaction results in more spending in e-commerce. The results also show that there is a direct relationship among e-service quality, e- satisfaction and e-loyalty in terms of online spending by consumers. However, the analysis shows that e-commerce still faces challenges compared with traditional offline retailers since customers cannot feel and try the products, and may end up choosing the products that they do not want.     

Quantitative Easing in the Eurozone: a One-Year Assessment

By pumping trillions of euros into the eurozone’s financial system, the ECB’s quantitative easing programme intends to indirectly alter the private sector’s borrowing and spending behaviour. After more than a year since its initial inception, a review of the programme’s impact reveals that policy makers should think twice before further expanding the programme–and could benefit from considering more direct ways of increasing spending in the real economy.     

基于granger方法的农业财政支出对农民收入影响的实证分析

运用granger因果关系协整分析方法,求解农业财政支出对农民收入的影响,得出了农业财政支出是农民收入增长Granger原因的结论。根据模型结果,农业财政支出每增加一亿元,农民人均纯收入增加1.88元。因此努力增加农业财政支出是当前增加农民收入的有效途径。     

民生支出对缩小城乡居民收入差距的效应分析:以浙江为例

本文基于1999-2009年浙江省的县级面板数据,实证分析民生支出对于缩小城乡居民收入差距的影响效应,研究结果表明:不同的民生支出对城乡居民收入差距的影响是有差异的,教育支出显著拉大城乡居民收入差距,而医疗卫生支出和社会保障支出能够缩小城乡居民收入差距。最后,提出增加政府民生支出,缩小城乡居民收入差距的政策建议。     

WIFE'S EMPLOYMENT—ITS INFLUENCE ON MAJOR FAMILY EXPENDITURES

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of wife's employment on major family expenditures. Tobit analysis of data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Surveys found no relationship between wife's employment and outlays on twelve categories of expenditures. Family income had the greatest overall influence on the expenditure categories examined. Therefore, it appears that the absolute amount of income was more important than its sources in determining expenditures.     

The Distribution of U.S. Income and Food Expenditures

Food expenditure and income distributions over 1980–1985 are examined using two welfare criteria: less inequality and more available resources. Intertemporal changes in the distributions are studied from the perspectives of inequality, relative economic affluence, society's satisfaction with the distributions, asymmetries, and average propensities to spend. Major conclusions are that inequality has increased over time in both the income and food spending distributions, relative economic affluence has generally risen, society is less satisfied with the food spending distribution, and average propensities to spend on food have been constant.     

On the relationship between public and private spending in developing and developed countries

Using annual data, the paper studies the time-series evidence regarding the effectiveness of government spending. The emphasis is on the relationship between public spending and private spending. The objective is to identify whether the effects of public spending on macro variables are reinforced or mitigated through the spillover effects on private spending. The evidence attests to the importance of stimulating private spending to maximize the positive effect of an increase in public spending on real growth. Concerns about the crowding out effects of higher public spending on private demand are more dominant in developing countries. Moreover, the scope for government spending to determine aggregate uncertainty is much larger in developing countries. Overall, the evidence attests to the importance of managing trends and variability of government spending towards maximizing the fiscal multiplier. The paper's evidence spells out potential to maximize the fiscal multiplier via private spending and concerns about the ineffectiveness of fiscal policy where crowding out concerns dominate.     

Wife's employment and family expenditures

Data from the 1980–81 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the influence of wife's employment on spending on non-durable goods and time-saving services. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, except for personal care services, expenditure levels differed between working-wife and non-working-wife families. Other independent variables, however, were more influential in determining expenditure than was wife's employment status.     

贸易与环境问题的研究进展与述评

自1972年国际贸易与环境问题被正式提出以来,已经成为21世纪世界各国关注的重要议题之一。传统的贸易与环境问题的研究主要集中于贸易与环境的关系研究,即研究贸易对环境的影响和环境对贸易的影响,理论框架已经建立并且认识已经比较成熟。近年来,以硫排放贸易、碳排放贸易、虚拟水、虚拟能源研究为代表,更多的是研究将环境直接或间接作为贸易品,通过贸易方式改善环境,形成了贸易与环境问题研究的新领域:环境贸易。环境贸易不是指传统意义上的环境保护产品和服务贸易,而是指环境要素的直接或间接的贸易。该文认为环境贸易包括直接的环境贸易和嵌入(外生)的环境贸易,它们均直接对环境产生良好影响并成为贸易的一部分,应引起关注和重视。     

医疗卫生支出与社会公平的动态相关性研究

对我国医疗卫生支出与基尼系数之间动态均衡关系的研究发现,中国医疗卫生支出与全国居民收入的基尼系数之间存在长期的正向关系,即与社会公平存在负向关系。医疗卫生支出对社会公平的影响不大,说明了医疗卫生支出效率不高。为了增强医疗卫生支出的产出效应,应完善财政支出的运作机制,让所有财政支出包括医疗卫生支出在规范中运作,这样才能使财政支出及医疗卫生支出的功能更充分地体现出来。     

Old-Young Differences in Consumer Expenditure Patterns

It has been claimed that transfer payments to retired people reduce aggregate private saving. In their attempts to understand this issue, some writers have called for additional research to clarify the spending behavior of the older and younger households. The present paper uses regression analysis to examine the old-young differences in expenditure patterns as revealed by the 1972–73 BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey. With data limitations noted, the findings suggest that, for consumer units headed by older (65+) and younger (<65) persons, the marginal and average propensities to spend relative to after-tax income were virtually the same when estimated at the mean values of their respective characteristics, such as after-tax income and family size. The statistical model utilized also suggests that, if given the older units' mean values for these characteristics, the younger group would have exhibited higher propensities to spend than the older.     

政府公共支出与农村减贫关系的实证研究

利用中国大陆1991—2010年的统计数据,在特定的政府公共支出的背景下,对农村居民的行为反应特征如何反映其受益情况和减贫效果进行实证分析,结果发现:政府医疗卫生支出能有效增加农村居民支出,达到减贫目的;政府支农支出对农村居民支出的影响则相反;其他支出项目对农村居民支出的影响显著不同。     

公私医疗卫生支出与经济增长关系的实证分析

众所周知,医疗卫生支出不仅关系到一个国家社会福利政策的规划,还对经济增长具有不可忽略的促进作用。然而,现有文献对于医疗卫生支出与经济增长关系之间的研究结论却是众说纷纭。鉴于此,本文根据医疗卫生支出的支付主体,将其分为政府医疗卫生支出和居民医疗卫生支出,并通过建立双向固定效应模型对公私医疗卫生支出对经济增长的影响进行分析。结果显示：从全国平均水平来看,政府医疗卫生支出每增长100％,带动经济增长12．08％,居民医疗卫生支出每增长100％,带动经济增长15．85％;但与此同时,考虑到不同地区的经济发展非均衡化时,政府医疗卫生支出和居民医疗卫生支出带动经济增长的效应差异甚大,其中政府医疗卫生支出对经济增长呈现“倒U型”效应,而居民医疗卫生支出对经济增长呈现“阶梯型”效应。     

我国经济波动与财政政策波动的关联性分析--兼论我国财政政策的相机抉择与自动稳定机制

通过对我国经济与财政政策波动的有效度量,文章利用脉冲响应函数和线性回归模型对两者关联性进行的研究表明:经济与财政政策波动具有很大的相似性和互扰性;经济波动引致的财政收支波动具有明显的不对称性,并成为我国自1994年财政赤字产生的主要原因;经济波动与财政政策波动之间存在不完全的双向因果关系,其中,经济波动引致的财政收支变化对经济波动的反向调节力度较小,并具有明显的时滞,而相机抉择机制引致的财政收支外生变化对经济的反向调节虽然时滞较短,但工具之间存在明显的协调失灵;财政政策波动对经济波动的作用效果具有明显的不对称性,扩张性政策较紧缩性政策好,相机抉择机制较自动稳定机制好.     

An Analysis of Advertising Payments in Franchise Contracts

ABSTRACT

National advertising is an important ongoing marketing activity in a franchise arrangement. A majority of franchisors require franchisees to pay an advertising royalty as a percentage of gross revenues while some require franchisees to pay a fixed advertising fee. These payments are earmarked for national advertising. We investigate the relationship between the franchisor's profits and the different types of advertising payments in franchise contracts. Our model incorporates the idea that the franchisor and franchisee are in an ongoing relationship where there is demand uncertainty. We show that specification of an advertising payment in the form of a fixed fee or a royalty is better than no specification since it commits the franchisor to invest the payments in advertising. We demonstrate that the advertising royalty specification is more flexible since it permits the advertising expenditure to be adjusted based on information that is not available at the time the contract is written.     

Sources of family income and expenditure on children's private,after‐school education in Korea

This paper examines the relationship between sources of family income and household expenditure on private, after‐school education for children in secondary schools in Korea in the context of educational ‘credentialism’, which values evidence of college education highly. Data from a survey of 514 parents of secondary school students are used. Estimated ordinary least squares coefficients indicate that the wife's income, but not the husband's, was positively associated with the amount of spending on children's education at private, after‐school programmes. This finding suggests that some married women with children in Korea seek employment in order to earn the money needed for their children's private, after‐school education.     

State ownership and corporate innovative efficiency

In this paper, we investigate the innovative efficiency of SOEs in China. Innovative efficiency refers to output of patents per dollar spending of R&D expenditure. The data indicate that minority SOEs are substantially more innovatively efficient than non-SOEs and majority SOEs. The relative innovative efficiency of minority SOEs is more pronounced among firms with high financial constraints. The data are consistent with the view that, in the Chinese context, there are favorable benefits to partial state ownership through access to talent, connections, and technological resources that enable efficient patent outcomes from R&D expenditure.