The Hotel and Catering Industry: Employment Update

Family consumption is one of the main factors explaining the growth of the service economy. This article first describes service consumption trends in Spanish households between 1980 and 1997, both at an aggregated and category level, and analyses differences by family type. In addition, an econometric model based on the Heckman two-step multivariate procedure is used to estimate how socio-economic factors affect service consumption. In particular, attention is paid to household income, human capital, female labour conditions and vital cycle. Hypotheses are founded on household production theories. Information came from microdata of Spanish family budget surveys. Results show that household income is not the sole significant factor explaining service consumption. An outstanding and positive relationship is identified between female labour conditions and use of time-saving services.     

Employment change in independent owner-managed high-technology firms in Great Britain

There is a growing volume of literature that points to the potential for small technology-based firms to achieve substantial employment growth. As a direct consequence of such work this sector of any economy has attracted increasing attention from national and local Governments concerned with finding ways of revitalising economically deprived localities and creating employment opportunities. This paper provides up-to-date empirical evidence surrounding the ability of small high-technology firms to create additional jobs in Great Britain. In addition, key founder and business characteristics are isolated which are significantly associated with employment change in growing high-technology firms over the 1986 to 1992 period. With respect to factors influencing these high levels of employment growth, a high firm size (in 1986) was found to act positively on employment growth, as was a graduate level education for the key founder. On the finance side firms which had access to and used a multiplicity of sources of start-up finance tended to grow faster. Futher, on the basis of our results we would suggest (and recommend) a Government policy which at the firm level actively encourages high-technology firm start-ups (who record higher rates of survival than firms in more conventional sectors) as well as providing support for existing high-technology firms who have already demonstrated the inclination and ability to grow in employment size.     

Gender and Labour Flexibility in Hotel and Catering

This article examines both conceptually and empirically the relationship between gender divisions in the hotel and catering sector and functional and numerical flexibility. The debate concerning the ‘flexible firm’ thesis is critically discussed, and it is found, despite certain conceptual flaws, to be heuristically useful in emphasising the previously neglected phenomena of functional and numerical flexibility. The article then shows how these two aspects of flexibility are bound up with gender relations through an historical analysis of the emergence of flexibility in the hotel and catering sector during the 1960s and 1970s.     

商贸流通业成长的产业关联演变与关键路径识别——以我国住宿和餐饮业为例的研究

住宿和餐饮业对服务业直接消耗有上升趋势,其服务功能正在深化与广化,对资源类和能源类产业消耗较多且较稳定,现阶段其资源与能源密集型产业特性一直较显著。交通运输及仓储业对住宿和餐饮业直接需求和完全需求都是上升的,商务服务业对住宿和餐饮业直接需求是显著上升的,高增长型服务业对住宿和餐饮业需求较旺盛。教育业对住宿和餐饮业直接需求是显著上升的,公共管理和社会组织对住宿和餐饮业的直接需求和间接需求规模都较大,这两类非营利性部门与住宿和餐饮业的关联机理有待专门深入研究。住宿和餐饮业的成长既有传统约束产业也有新型约束产业,其成长扩张产业主要包括制造业。     

品味与投资俱佳的红酒:Chateau Cheval Blanc

好年份出产的Chateau Cheval Blanc(白舒伐尔)红葡萄酒被专家们视为法国波尔多地区的八大土酒之一.该酒色泽紫红,口感芬芳浓烈却又不失优雅.尤其到了20世纪90年代,Cheval Blanc酒庄所产的葡萄酒,无论就其品质还是法国官方的评价,都是顶级的第一园(First Growth,园场级别,也指酒).     

信息化与中国的餐饮业

中国的餐饮业经过20多年的改革与发展,取得了瞩目的成绩。随着信息技术和互联网的蓬勃发展,信息化渗透到人们生活的方方面面,成为社会发展的潮流和趋势。研究信息化与信息技术及中国餐饮业的概况,根据现代餐饮的发展要求,将信息技术运用到模块化生产和菜点创新等方面,从更广阔的层面来推动和提升中国餐饮业信息化的整体水平,使其早日与国际标准靠拢或接轨国际餐饮信息化标准。     

餐饮业的平民化

餐饮业要振兴八项规定实施以来的疲软状况,必须走平民化的发展道路,在服务理念、服务对象方面实现由贵族化向平民化的改变,要考虑到平民的消费心理、消费能力的实际状况进行大规模调整。     

酒店餐饮业冷链物流系统构架浅析

冷链在流通中发挥着重要作用,同时冷链物流是酒店餐饮业供需链中的关键流程。据此从冷链物流的作用及冷链物流系统入手,紧紧围绕着温度、时间和耐储性对餐饮业冷链物流系统的构架进行了分析,讨论了冷链物流系统构架的具体要求和构架过程。对酒店餐饮业建立和完善冷链物流系统提出了建议。     

低碳经济下的餐饮业可持续发展探讨

<正>我国是一个拥有13亿人口的大国,目前不少中西部贫困地区和边远山区仍然存在着温饱问题。可是我国餐桌浪费现象却十分惊人,几乎达到了奢靡的地步。据统     

2009年酒店业面临的挑战及十大投资趋势

自2003年以来,全球知名的酒店业智囊机构——酒店业投资理事会(The Lodging Industry Invest ment Council,简称LIIC),每年都在做一个关于未来一年中酒店投资机遇和挑战的调研报告。这份详尽的调查结果会列出来年前十项有关酒店投资的敏感问题和态度。     

Gender and Employment Flexibility within Hotel Front Offices

This article describes a study of the contemporary nature and extent of gendered employment flexibility within hotel front offices in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Previous studies in the service sector have tended to focus upon the career paths of female managers and generalised findings across the service sector. The study reported is concerned with staff at an operative level and uses the front office as an exemplar of a department with an even gender balance overall in order to examine flexible working practices. The study finds that, in the hotel front office, female employees are usually better qualified, with greater opportunity than male employees for functional flexibility; the majority of female employees are under 30 years of age. The findings are compared with previous studies and discussed in the context of female career progression, and service organisations' approaches towards the creation of a work/family balance.     

The politics of necessity: electricity and water in Great Britain

This paper examines the politics and the policy developments regarding access to electricity and water supply in Britain after the privatisation of these industries in 1990. It does this primarily through discussing two issues: paying for water and fuel poverty. It concludes that, somewhat surprisingly, the introduction of privatisation and greater reliance on market mechanisms has not made the material position of disadvantaged consumers worse as regards these industries. This seems to be attributable partly to changes in the regulatory structure consequent on privatisation and partly due to changes in national politics.     

Explaining National Differences in the Size and Industry Distribution Employment

What forces determine national differences in the size and industry distribution of employment? We stress the role of the economic policy environment as determined by business taxes, employment security laws, credit market regulations, the national pension system, wage-setting institutions and the size of the public sector. We characterize these aspects of the economic environment in Sweden prior to 1990–91 and compare them to the situation in other European countries and the United States. Our characterization and international comparisons show that Swedish policies and institutions strongly disfavored less capital-intensive firms, smaller firms, entry by new firms, and individual and family ownership of business.

We also compile evidence that these forces affect outcomes. Taking the U.S. industry distribution as a benchmark that reflects a comparatively neutral set of policies and institutions, Sweden's employment distribution in the mid-1980s is sharply tilted away from low-wage industries and industries with greater employment shares for smaller firms and establishments. Compared to other European countries, Sweden has an unusually high share of employment in large firms. Furthermore, the Swedish rate of self- employment in the 1970s and 1980s is the lowest among all OECD countries.

The institutional and policy factors emphasized by our study differ greatly across countries. This fact suggests that our approach can be fruitfully applied to other studies of national differences in industry and size structures and their evolution over time. As an example, the tax reform wave of the 1980s – which largely evened out cross-country differences in corporate taxation among OECD countries – offers some basis for projecting a movement towards greater similarity among wealthy countries in the size and industry distribution of employment.

     

国际劳工组织发布《2008全球就业趋势》报告

<正>2008年1月23日,国际劳工组织发布了一年一度的《全球就业趋势》报告,这是该组织连续第六年发布这份报告,从宏观和长期角度对2007年国际劳动力市场的发展进行总结和分析并对2008年进行展望。报告指出,由于信贷市场和油价上涨等因素在2008年造成的全球经济动荡,可导致世界失业人数在2008年增加500万。