The European Single Market at 25

This year we celebrate the 25th anniversary of the European Single Market. The Single Market’s achievements cover various areas but there is still room for improvement. Against the background of this historic and economic development, this article discusses different legal acts that are being negotiated and outlines suggestions for improvement.     

The United Germany in The Single European Market

Dr Hermann von Richthofen, German Ambassador in London 1988–1993, now German Ambassador to NATO, spoke at the second LSE Business Performance Lecture on 29 January 1992 about the radical changes taking place in Europe. In particular, the Ambassador stressed that Germany's integration is an inseparable part of Europe's integration and will provide opportunities not only for Germany but also for the rest of Europe.     

Sales and Service Strategy for the Single European Market

Having the right products alone will not be enough to ensure success in the Single Market. Winning new business will demand the capability to treat customers across a wide swathe of Europe as if they were just down the street. Former national firms need to reach out beyond their borders with sales and service strategies capable of combining pan-European efficiency with adjustment to local needs. This requires new types of partnerships with established channels as well as increased investment in local sales, distribution and service subsidiaries. The rewards are both additional sales today and faster corporate learning about new markets which will bolster advantage tomorrow. Looking at established networks, it is clear that some companies are already well ahead in the race to establish cross-border sales and service support. On average German firms also tend to be ahead of their British, French and Italian cousins. As Europe becomes the strategic market for more and more businesses there is no time to lose in closing this gap.     

Expansion within the Single European Market:a motivational structure

This paper considers the motivational context in which internationalization occurs. The paper considers the recent research of Pellegrini (1994) and Williams (1992a, 1992b) and addresses the fundamental question concerning the nature of internationalization raised by Brown and Burt (1992). The paper reports on, and uses findings from, a survey carried out in July 1993 which focused on retail expansion within the Single European market (SEM). The relative importance of motivations is considered in the context of retailers' attitudes to the SEM. These results are placed in the context of previous research findings and the theoretical literature on international retailing. On the basis of UK retailers' attitudes to expansion in the SEM and in the light of previous research work, this paper discusses the positions adopted by retailers in relation to internationalization. A matrix representing these positions is proposed and discussed.     

Greek Marketing Strategies in the European Tourism Market

Between 1960 and 1985 international tourism to Greece enjoyed one of the fastest rates of growth in the world, averaging 12.2 per cent annually. Numerous inter-related explanations were offered for this phenomenon, including endowed factors such as warm climate and antiquities; low costs; the supportive infrastructure and the strength and efficiency of the supply of tourist services and products. One aspect, however, which has not attracted much attention is the quality of Greek marketing. The Greek tourism marketing strategies are examined using a sample of Greek national tourist offices located in major European cities. Data for the study were gathered from personal interviews with the directors of such tourist offices. Although the marketing strategies undertaken by the national tourist offices of Greece abroad have been generally successful, the long-term viability of such strategies can only be sustained by a formalised strategic marketing planning process which caters for a host of interacting internal and external variables.     

Towards a Single European Market? The Evolution of the Leasing Industry

It is argued that completion of the internal market for leasing requires sufficient openness of national markets for competition between rules to take place. This study of the leasing industry in the European Economic Area analyses those aspects of the European Commission’s Single Market Programme which are intended to achieve this aim and pinpoints tax harmonisation, banking regulation and mutual recognition of accounting standards as the main areas of Commission regulatory activity which will impact on the evolution of rules for the industry. The paper looks at the structure of the national industries and highlights the constraints and driving forces within the various rule systems which will influence the process of change. It is concluded that relatively high levels of competition between rules are actually occurring. In the long term, national markets will continue to be segmented and it is questionable whether a European leasing industry will actually emerge     

Rule Making in Pursuit of a Single European Market

The paper explores the nature of rule systems in the Single European Market. It investigates the influence of firms in the legislative process and examines corporate responses in rule-governed conditions within the Single Market. It demonstrates that there have been very diverse outcomes for different sectors as a result of the manner in which rules have been formulated and implemented, and derives interpretations which may have a future bearing on the revision and refinement of Single Market legislation     

证券市场的国际化及其路径选择

一、证券市场国际化是中国经济发展的必然选择 证券市场的国际化,是指一国国内证券市场在国际范围内的延伸,也就是消除证券市场交易双方(投资者和筹资者)的国籍界限,在本国或国际证券市场自由参与各种上市证券的交易活动.证券市场的国际化既包括一国证券走向国际市场,又包括国外证券在该国证券市场自由流动.证券市场国际化程度的高低,不仅反映一国资本市场的总体发展水平,而且也在一定程度上反映一国参与国际分工的深度,反映一国国民经济的总体发展水平,特别是一国经济的国际化程度和开放程度.随着改革开放的不断深入,特别是加入WTO以后,中国经济的国际化和开放程度必然提高,证券市场的国际化成为中国经济发展的必然选择.     

Relationship Strategies for Market Entry

Abstract

With the fall of Communism, many New Zealand exporters joined the initial euphoria of the business community and took steps to re-establish trade with Eastern Europe. Despite some initial problems, most exporters are now establishing themselves in these markets. This paper examines the strategy of two large New Zealand firms and argues that forming a relationship with Eastern European traders is context driven. It is further argued that relationship-marketing models more accurately capture the trading realities of market entry in Eastern Europe. Based on the case studies, a series of propositions are developed examining the role of uncertainty in market entry, the formation of alliances and     

Simulating Discount-Pricing Strategies for the GSM-Mobile Market

The article analyzes network effects on the German GSM mobile telephony market. The authors use an ACE-approach to examine how a new competitor can successfully gain ground in the market with a discount-pricing strategy. In particular they study the impact of several elements of a mobile phone contract like on-net-, landline- or off-net-fees on the competitor’s market share. It turns out that it is possible to successfully enter the market with a prepaid contract using a discount-pricing strategy where the single fees only marginally exceed the termination rates, which have to be transferred to foreign network operators. Accepted after one revision by Prof. Dr. Buhl. This article is also available in German in print and via http://www.wirtschaftsinformatik.de: Schade S, Frey T, Mahmoud N (2009) Simulation von Diskontpreis-Strategien im GSM-Mobilfunkmarkt. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK. doi: 10.1007/11576-009-0178-6.     

试论营销策略中的期权因素

营销策略由产品、价格、地点和促销构成,产品由核心产品、有形产品和附加产品组成。附加产 品在产品构成中的作用越来越重要,附加产品的性质类似于期权。通过附加产品,企业和消费者之间存 在着契约关系,可以利用期权的分析方法对附加产品进行分析,并利用期权定价模型对其进行定价。     

土耳其:中国商品进入欧洲的"跳板"

土耳其是一个发展中国家,到1998年时,土耳其人均GDP已达3160美元,近几年经济虽略显低迷,但沿海地区的生活水平已达到很高的标准.随着中国和土耳其的双边关系不断发展,中土贸易活动日趋活跃,双边贸易稳步上升,双方商界对对方市场认识逐步加深.土耳其商人对中国价廉物美的商品越来越感兴趣.中国商品以其质量和价格的优势在土耳其市场颇具竞争力.     

证券市场加快市场化进程的路径选择

一、解决证券市场的问题靠市场化法则 改革开放以来,在我国经济转轨过程中发展最快、影响最大、对社会触动较深的领域莫过于的证券市场.我国的证券市场是适应改革开放的需要而产生和发展起来的,尽管它的历史不长,但发展速度十分惊人,短短的10多年就走过了西方证券市场几百年所走的路程.截止2000年底,我国境内外上市公司达1200多家,境内股票市价总值达4.8万亿元,占当年GDP总值的50%以上,仅2000年证券市场筹资额就超过1500亿元,证券投资者已达5000万人.蓬勃兴起的证券市场对推动国企改革,转换企业经营机制,改革投融资体制,合理配置资源,提高企业国际竞争力,促进社会主义市场经济体制的建立,发挥了不可估量的积极作用.     

Services and the Single Market

The single market programme of the EU covers services as one of the four fundamental freedoms. While the legislative effort has been impressive and positive results evident in areas such as mobile telephony and low cost air transport, the impact on many services has been weak as yet. This holds in particular true for a group of services that share specific characteristics such as the overriding importance of quality, the existence of asymmetric information and the need to produce in a tailor-made way. The combination of these characteristics and trends such as globalisation, the usage of ICT and enlargement, calls for a fresh view on the functioning of the single market. An effective future single market is based on a bottom up approach, integrating single market policies with other policies, starting from the functioning of national markets and being less uniform in nature.     

论我国股票期权激励制度的完善

多年来,理论界一直在探讨如何在公司建立对高级经营管理者及技术骨干实施有效激励一约束机制,使其经济利益与公司长远发展紧密联系起来,企业界也为此进行了多种尝试和探索,其中股票期权就是一种有益的尝试。本文对这种新型的激励机制在我国公司试行情况进行探讨,指出了问题,并在总结国际经验的基础上,提出了相应完善措施和政策建议,对规范我国股票期权制度具有重要的参考意义。     

农村医药市场特点及营销策略探讨

农村医药市场的消费额与巨大的消费人群不成正比,其原因并非是需求弹性的影响,而是另有它因。如果能够结合农村医药市场的特点,恰当运用4P营销组合策略,医药经营企业一定会在农村医药市场的开拓上有所作为。     

Market Growth Strategies for MBA Programs

The market segmentation process as applied to academic programs involves dividing a large market with diverse needs into submarkets, or segments, of prospective students with similar needs. Then target markets are selected from these submarkets so recruiting efforts can be tailored to reach each specific group of potential students. One logical approach for identifing MBA market growth opportunities is the analysis of student-academic program strategies. Four basic strategies are discussed, which include market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification. By carefully analyzing these potential growth opportunities, a marketer can make more informed judgements with regard to target market selections.     

The European Banking Market - Post-1992

Though moves towards establishing a single European market in 1992 have received much attention, nevertheless the reality is that the European financial market will continue to evolve in response to these developments well into the next decade.This article examines possible scenarios for the )inuncial services industry suggesting there is a need for financial institutions to develop corporate plans for the single market well in advance of 1992.