Public Financial Expenditure——A Reflection of the Livelihood Improvement

In recent years,China＇s public finance put social construction high on the agenda and attaches more importance on livelihood insurance and improvement. The 2003-2007 public financial expendi- ture reflects a fact that the government is putting more emphasis on livelihood and issues concerning the people. Implementation of the national financial expenditure reported on NPC and CPPCC surprise people by its considerable increase in education, medical and health, its continuous support in agriculture, rural areas and farmers,     

Public Financial Expenditure——A Reflection of the Livelihood Improvement

In recent years.China's public finance put social construction high on the agenda and attaches more importance on livelihood insurance and improvement.The 2003-2007 public financial expenditure reflects a fact that the government isputting more emphasis on livelihood andissues concerning the people.     

Trends in Total Advertising Expenditure in 29 Countries, 1970–1980

There is a growing body of national studies identifying reasons for ‘juvenile smoking initiation’ that is, the conditions, motivations and precipitating circumstances associated with children starting to smoke. In contrast, there has been a lack of systematic cross-national research to compare juvenile smoking initiation in a similar manner in countries with different values, levels of economic development, political systems and social stratification. Controlling for all of these factors is a daunting task indeed for any researcher. However, considering that one common remedy has been proposed to combat juvenile smoking, namely, to ban or severely restrict tobacco advertising, it was highly desirable to compare countries which differ significantly in terms of public policies towards tobacco advertising, in order to determine the relative impact of tobacco advertising on why juveniles start smoking. To this end, the tobacco industry's international information organization (INFOTAB) commissioned the Children's Research Unit to investigate a variety of personal, social and cultural factors—including advertising—bearing on juvenile smoking initiation in a sample of countries selected for their different systems regulating tobacco product advertising.     

Trends in Total Advertising Expenditure in 29 Countries, 1970–1982

Advertising creatives are often characterised in terms of stereotypes such as genius or maverick. Relatively few studies have focused on the complexities and contradictions that face creatives in their professional role. In this paper we draw on depth interviews conducted with a small sample of senior-level creatives working in a cross-section of New York agency settings to explore the ways in which they negotiate and resolve their senses of personal and professional identity. We find that ad agencies are a site of conflict and insecurity for these creatives, yet also of potential fulfilment. We suggest that these creatives may be complicit in the conflict because their sense of professional identity has a substantial investment in it. We suggest that the advertising industry has not evolved working practices that fully assimilate those creatives who experience such dilemmas of identity.     

Trends in Total Advertising Expenditure in 16 Countries, 1970–1981

Television advertisements deal with a host of human problems by identifying a problem or cultivating a perception that a problem exists, then demonstrating the capacity of a product to resolve that problem. This study examines the nature of problems and their resolutions on prime-time television. Findings reveal that the problem-presentation, problem-resolution format is extremely prevalent among television advertisements. Further, these advertisements deal with only a narrow range of human needs, and they often exaggerate the magnitude and urgency of problems in a way that makes them appear larger than life. Resolutions are depicted to be easy and quickly implemented, and are portrayed to resolve the problem with a high degree of certainty. These findings are discussed in terms of cultivation theories.     

Trends in Total Advertising Expenditure In 10 Countries, 1970–1983: America,Australasia and the Far East

The use and relative effectiveness of comparative advertising has been extensively studied and reported on in the marketing and advertising literature. However, few studies have specifically dealt with this topic from the advertising practitioner's perspective. This paper reports the findings of an empirical investigation aimed at determining some of the factors and underlying perceptions contributing to American advertisers' and agency representatives' attitudes toward comparative advertising. Often-cited criticisms/concerns about comparative advertising as well as past and future plans to use a comparative format were specifically considered.     

Nanjing： A Famous Capital City in South China

Lies on the south bank of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu Province, is one of the most delightfulof Chinese cities. Known as the Capital City of Six or Ten Dynasties in China＇s history, it has a brilliant cultural heritage.     

Trends in the Clerical Labour Market, 1971–81: A Statistical Review

For an area of the economy which currently employs one in six of the GB workforce, remarkably little is known of detailed employment trends in the clerical labour market. This article attempts a statistical review of labour demand trends supplemented by information from in-company case studies recently conducted by the author. A review of changes in the level and pattern of employment in clerical and related skills is preceded by discussion on the definitional issue and on sources of appropriate information. The article concludes that our image of the clerical labour market is in need of an overhaul.     

I Won't Invest in China's Real Estate——Can Behavioral Economics Save the Capital Bubble?

I cannot see clearly when the real estate bubble in China will burst.However, there is certainty that housing prices willswiftly fall, and China can learn the lesson from the 1980s' real estate market in Japan said Professor Robert.J.Shiller, I don't want to put my judgment as a foreigner on the Chinese people,however, the housing price is obviously too high in some big cities.     

Towards the Learning Organisation? Explaining Current Trends in Training Practice in the UK

Here the authors take a critical look at the now popular concept of the ‘learning organisation’. In particular, they draw upon new research which helps to clarify some of the fine detail of current organisational practices with regard to skill formation. It is found that there are in fact some features of contemporary organisational practices which do accord with the concept but that, in the main, the abstract and aspirational character of the concept renders it a poor guide to understanding the dilemmas and activities of real organisations, and that on balance, the concept is more of a hindrance than a help.     

Changes in Concentration of Advertising Expenditures Among the Leading National Advertisers in the United States 1970–1988: A Note

This paper investigates the change of advertising concentration between 1970 and 1988. Using six measures of concentration and based on the advertising expenditures of the one hundred leading advertisers in the US reported by Advertising Age, this paper finds that the level of advertising concentration varies in the 1970s and has been steadily increasing since the early 1980s. However, the change of advertising concentration between all of the two-year periods examined is not significant. The findings also suggest that the nature of industry and the country of origin of advertisers do not exhibit significant impact on the level of advertising concentration.     

Stock Transfer Patterns in the Hudson's Bay Company: A study of the English Capital Market in Operation, 1670–1730

In recent years, there has been expanding interest in the growth, structure and integration of the early English securities market. However, much of the research on this market has focused on overall market data or the larger chartered companies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative approach to studying the issue of market activity and development, utilising the stock ownership and transfer records of the Hudson's Bay Company. As a successful smaller chartered company it is possibly more representative of the majority of firms utilising the London financial market of the time. The records provide evidence of an organised and efficient market that was accessible to a variety of large and small investors, including a network of stockbrokers. The volume of transfers also indicates a dynamic pattern of market activity rather than a closely held firm which only obtained its initial capitalisation through the market.     

Green A,the leading company in spirulina industry in China——One of the top three producers in the world

Legendary"aromatic surface water"There was a beautiful legend passing on among the residents around Chenghai Lake in Lijiang.It was said that there was a stone on the island in the middle of the lake,on which the Sea God of Chenghai seated while preaching.When comes to the end of spring     

China's Capital Market: Could It Be the Best in the World?

"The share-list of China's stock market this year is bound to reach 3000 points," "Before or after the Beijing Olympic Games, another upward fluctuation of the stock market is sure to emerge in China." "The latest statistics show that the total market value of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market have surpassed the mark of 10 trillion RMB, surpassing 50% of GDP." "Having successfully completed the reform of China's stock market China has achieved a full revolution."     

Trends in fatal motorcycle injuries in the Americas, 1998–2010

Injuries, disabilities and deaths among motorcyclists have been rising worldwide but what is happening in the American Continent is not completely known. Deaths from motorcycle crashes of the Pan American Health Organization database (PAHO/WHO, 1998–2010) were included in an ecologic multi-national study to quantify the temporal trends and to estimate the association between motorcycle riders’ deaths and selected socio-economic indicators. Mortality rates increased in all sub-regions. The highest increase was reported in the countries of the Andean sub-region (Ecuador, 78.3%) and Mesoamerica (Costa Rica, 60.0%). Poorer countries fared worse in terms of motorcycle mortality relative to richer countries, as did more unequal ones. Recent economic changes, rapid increment of motorisation rates, affordability of motorcycles over public transportation, lack of adequate public transportation policies and other insufficient measures aimed at improving safety can explain these trends.     

Current Trends and Future Challenges in the South African Advertising Industry—An Introductory Review

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to provide an introductory review of the structure of the South African Advertising Industry, to identify and discuss the main issues and future challenges in the South African Advertising Industry, and to recommend applicable managerial strategies to the main role players.

The South African society has been involved in a process of transformation, a search for identification, and a conscious effort towards non-discriminatory practices, direct or indirect, for the past eight years. This is apparent in current marketing and advertising practices, which remain firmly focussed on the new breeds of consumers-including the growing young black market. This new challenge to marketers includes a paradigm shift from established practices to an embracing of new research methods, which could address the complexities of reaching, communicating, and meeting the demands of a multicultural consumer society in South Africa. The marketing challenge also indicates the necessity of redefining the largest audience groups in categories that reinterpret race from a South African perspective.

A review of the literature was undertaken, followed by discussions with knowledgeable industry spokesmen. The survey of racial issues in South Africa forms part of an on-going project, as it is envisaged that the shape of the industry will change dramatically during the next decade.

Key managerial implications focus on perspectives and attitudes towards changing employment and empowerment ratios, that would require innovative interpretative studies to contribute towards an understanding of the current challenges. This includes the elimination of stereotypes and linguistic ethnocentrism, black empowerment, training in multicultural advertising communication, and the aligning of conflicting cultures with corporate vision.     

Inverting the Pyramid of Values? Trends in Less-Developed Countries

The authors discuss the consistency of transnational companies in their home, as well as in less developed host countries, concerning ethics, values and social responsibility. Ethical behavior offers good reputation, credibility and tradition to the corporation. It leads to corporate social, environmental and economic responsibilities, cooperating to the desired sustainability. This paper analyzes the inversion of values that corporate governance systems have suffered. The meaning and implication of the corporate social responsibility is investigated and discussed. A “pyramid of values” is built upon individual ethical values at the basis. Over them, the organizational ethical values should indicate the limits of operations, so that the corporate social responsibility can be sustained, in the top. The authors comment that ethical values no longer lead the organization. Its communication with the stakeholders, specifically through reports, has been gradually replacing the code of ethics and corporate values. These reports have taken the basis of the pyramid leading the organizations to socially irresponsible and unethical behavior. They do not guarantee transparency or communicate the needs of the society. It appears that transnational companies do not behave the same way in their home country as they do in host countries, particularly in less developed regions like Latin America and Africa. Lack of communication and transparency may induce employees to unethical decisions and transform the reporting system into a marketing instrument. In order to guarantee compliance with the codes, transparency and ethical responsibility, communication within the organization is essential.     

Financial literacy in the digital age—A research agenda

Digital innovations are transforming financial services and resulting changes in consumer behavior and personal money management. Diffusion of pervasive digital technologies offers individuals quick and easy access to various digital services bringing opportunities and challenges into their personal money management. The study aimed to explore how digitalization affects individuals' financial literacy and financial capability. As a result, we identified three main themes in the intersection of finance and digitalization: Fintech, Financial behavior in digital environments, and Behavioral interventions. We propose directions for measuring digital financial literacy, updates to the financial literacy curriculum, and developments of digital learning tools. Further, we highlight collaboration between the public and private sectors to create a fairer and more inclusive economic landscape. Our study contributes to existing research by proposing a framework for digital financial literacy and financial capability and a research agenda for future studies.     

Ministry of Commerce: Oil Expenditure Increased 70% in the First Half Year

Ministry of Commerce released the in crease quantity of China's main import goods. When international oil price keeps increasing, China shows the situation of quantity and price increasing. Among which the import crude oil increased 15.6% year-on-year, the value increased 53.9%; while oil import quantity increased     

Startup Success Factors in the Capital Attraction Stage: Founders’ Perspective

Only a small percentage of startups attract capital from venture capital investors. To determine the factors which owners of startups consider the most important for attracting seed venture investments, the founders of 40 startups in Latvia and Russia were questioned. The researchers compared organizational and financial factors’ importance for two groups of entrepreneurs: those who succeeded and those who failed in attracting funding. The results of the study indicate certain differences between the viewpoints of founders and investors regarding success factors. Based on the factor and regression analysis, the authors developed a model to forecast success in capital attraction.