Competition and demand effects of geographic distance to rivals

Based on previous research in the literature of spatial economics and agglomeration, this study proposes that a firm's geographic distance to its rivals may have two opposite effects on prices which depend on the strength of local demand. In periods of high demand, the competition effect of proximity is relatively smaller than the benefits of being geographically close, which results in a positive net effect of proximity on prices. To the contrary, in periods of low demand, the negative competitive effect of proximity will be greater than the positive effect; therefore, the net effect of proximity on prices is negative. The results for a sample of 1838 hotels support the two contrary consequences. These findings contribute to increase our knowledge of the relation between geographical distance and prices in service industries in which competition is local and demand fluctuates over time.     

产权、竞争、中国饭店业绩效及改进路径研究

本文分析表明我国饭店业是国有饭店主导的竞争性行业,国有饭店主导和竞争性行业的不相容性是造成我国饭店业整体绩效水平较差的根本原因。根据这一分析结论,本文提出我国饭店业最终目标是建立为非国有饭店主导的垄断竞争性行业,改进我国饭店业整体绩效的具体路径是积极推进国有饭店退出和实施饭店集团化经营。     

Spatial competition and agglomeration in the visitor attraction sector

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical contribution to understanding spatial competition by examining visitor attractions in two contrasting clusters of lower and higher levels of agglomeration of businesses in Cornwall, UK. The study found that competition is mainly for customers and labour and is related differently to the levels of agglomeration, spatial proximity and thematic product similarity between visitor attractions at the local compared with the regional scale. Location can be used differently for employing ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ competitive strategies. The study contributes to the knowledge on the spatiality of competition and the locational strategies of service businesses.     

产业集群的集聚效应:基于酒店业的分析

酒店企业在地理空间上的柔性集聚,不仅能降低集群内企业的交易成本,实现规模效应,还有利于集群内酒店企业的相互学习,发挥资源共享效应,促进集群内酒店企业的创新,提高集群竞争力。本文从酒店集群产生的集聚效应,产品优势,需求优势以及品牌区位优势等入手,分析了酒店产业集群的竞争力。     

规模经济、城市化和经济聚集

城市化和经济聚集是现代区域经济理论关注的核心问题。然而由于城市化现象所反映的规模收益递增因素与新古典经济的竞争性均衡不相容,因此,城市化问题很难在新古典经济学的框架内得到解释。这样,长期以来标准的经济分析很少关注经济聚集现象和城市的形成。直到20世纪70年代,迪克西特和斯蒂格利茨把垄断竞争问题重新引入到主流经济学后,垄断竞争模型才成为处理规模收益问题的有力工具,新经济地理也由之发展而来;与此同时,新兴古典经济学以超边际分析为工具深入分析了分工对城市形成和产业迁移的影响。     

竞争情报与企业竞争

竞争情报的产生和发展是市场竞争的客观要求 ,随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展 ,我国成功地加入WTO ,市场竞争将日趋激烈 ,只有全面把握竞争环境 ,了解竞争对手的情报 ,制定科学的竞争策略 ,企业才能在竞争中取得优势 ,竞争情报在市场竞争中将发挥更重要的作用     

Tasting Beijing,Approaching Olympic Games

Sponsored by Beijing Tour Administration,co-organized by Singapore Con- ference and Exhibition Administration Service Co.,Ltd.and Beijing Rela- tion Exhibition Co.,Ltd.,"2007 Beijing International Tour Expo"was held in Beijing in June.Commissioner Du Jiang gave a presentation with the opening ceremmony,and pointed out that with the theme of"Tasting Beijing,Approach- ing Olympic Games",the expo was a platform of promoting the communication     

乡镇企业群落的市场结构、竞争与治理

乡镇企业群落在发展过程中,不同阶段均会出现一些问题,但现阶段广东乡镇企业群落中最普遍的问题就是群落内各个企业合作不足,竞争过度,即出现了局部过度竞争现象。采用梅森等人创立的SCP范式,分析企业群落内的过度竞争现象,提出群落内过度竞争问题的解决,有赖于正式治理、非正式治理及行业协会治理等模式的建立。     

Apartheid and business: Competition,monopoly and the growth of the malted beer industry in South Africa

The South African brewing industry experienced enormous growth in the apartheid era, following the lifting of prohibition on the sale of ‘European liquor’ to Africans in 1961. Successive international brewers and local entrepreneurs sought to benefit from increased demand in the 1970s but were unable to withstand competition from South African Breweries (SAB), the dominant player in the industry. A decade of intense competition in the brewing industry ended with the intervention of the cabinet of the Afrikaner Nationalist government. SAB's status as ‘sole supplier to the industry’ remained virtually unchallenged until the demise of apartheid and the end of South Africa's international isolation. The end of apartheid and changes in the global brewing industry brought renewed competition to the South African beer market in the late 1990s and early 2000s.     

Evaluating the optimal occupancy rate,operational efficiency,and profitability efficiency of Taiwan's international tourist hotels

This study uses the data envelopment analysis model to measure the optimal occupancy rate, operational, and profitability efficiency of Taiwan's international tourist hotels in a single implementation. The efficiencies calculated show that a high performance in operational efficiency does not necessarily ensure high profitability. Through optimal occupancy rate analysis, this study shows that increasing sales is not the best way to improve performance. For some hotels, it is actually better to decrease the occupancy rate in order to improve operational and profitability efficiencies. Additionally, evidence is presented that shows that inconsistent occupancy rate targets can be remedied through an empirical model.     

财政分权、辖区竞争与地方政府投资行为

地方政府投资是推动地区经济发展的重要手段。本文运用博弈论工具分析我国地方政府的投资行为,研究表明:在我国财政分权体制下,地方政府往往具有很强的投资冲动,地方政府决策的投资规模总量超过中央政府希望的最优投资规模。尤其是在以经济增长为主要考核指标的政绩考核体系下,这一投资冲动更加突出。不仅如此,地方政府之间的竞争又进一步推动了地方政府投资规模的扩大,造成资源浪费,也影响了全社会的发展质量。因此,矫正地方政府的投资行为,当务之急是要完善财政体制和改革以经济指标为中心的政绩考核体系。     

经济型酒店顾客满意度IPA模型分析及实证研究

20世纪80年代以来,顾客满意度研究已成为国际上非常活跃的研究领域,而我国目前对经济型酒店顾客满意度的研究还比较少。通过问卷设计和实地调查的方法,运用多因素贡献模型对关于酒店产品影响因素的重要性和实际表现的满意程度进行综合评价,有效了解顾客对我国经济型酒店性价比的评价,可有助于经济型酒店管理与服务的不断改进和创新,从而进一步提高经济型酒店的服务质量,促进经济型酒店的持续发展。     

中国银行业竞争程度的测度分析——基于PR模型和利率非市场化

采用拓展的PR模型和H统计量方法论证利率非市场化将导致对中国银行业市场竞争程度的高估。为了解决这一高估问题,利用双向固定效应模型将利率非市场化作为时间效应因素纳入回归模型,然后采用PR模型和H统计量等非结构主义方法实证测度中国银行业的市场竞争程度。测度结果显示:中国银行业整体上进入了垄断竞争状态,但竞争程度较低;银行之间竞争的重点仍然集中在传统存贷款业务上,金融产品的创新不足。     

模块化设计竞争与设计演化:理论模型与案例验证

设计竞争是指设计主体在进行事物改造过程中,为了实现其主导设计地位而展开的对设计资源与设计市场的争夺。设计主体能否取得设计竞争中的优势地位,取决于设计范式在传承维、关联维、创新维、顾客维、成本维等维度上的绩效表现,本文基于此构建了设计竞争分析的"5C模型"。设计竞争是模块化设计演化的催动力,它一方面推动模块化设计生物进化式的自然演化,表现为渐进式演化模式;另一方面,激发设计主体的主观能动性,驱动模块化设计以突变方式演化,表现为跳跃式演化模式。汽车产业是模块化设计竞争与设计演进的典型案例。     

Product-Market Competition in the Water Industry: Voluntary Non-discriminatory Pricing

Since franchise bidding in the piped water industry is problematic due to extensive investment requirements, product-market competition or common carriage is a valuable alternative for the introduction of competition. This paper analyses product-market competition by considering a simple model of interconnection where competition is introduced between vertically integrated neighbouring water suppliers. The model contains water markets specificities such as local and decentralised networks and related difficulties of regulating access charges. Even without any regulation, we show that: (i) an inefficient incumbent will give up its monopoly position and lower the access price far enough so that the low-cost competitor can enter his home market; (ii) efficiency of production will rise due to liberalisation; and (iii) in contrary to prejudicial claims, investment incentives are not destroyed by the introduction of competition for the market. Investments of low-cost firms may even increase.JEL classification: L95, L43, D21, Q25     

A data envelopment analysis on assessing the competitiveness of Korean hotels

With the ever-rising cost of doing business and increased competition, many hotels have experienced financial difficulties resultant from a gradual decline in profit and market share. Since the financial health of the hotel affects its investment capability in constantly improving customer services, the service performance and the subsequent competitiveness of the hotel often reflect its financial efficiency. As such, there is a growing need to assess the financial efficiency of the hotel in comparison with its competitors. To meet such a need, this paper proposes a data envelopment analysis (DEA) that develops a meaningful set of benchmarks that will dictate best practices and form a successful hotel business model. Using the examples of 31 luxury and budget hotels in Korea, this paper illustrates the usefulness of DEA for the continuous improvement of hotel business practices.     

开拓创新 加快升级 构建北京流通发展新格局

本文认为,改革开放以来,北京市流通业一直保持着快速健康的发展态势,消费规模不断扩张,对外辐射能力逐步增强;消费结构持续升级,消费方式日益创新;商旅结合日益紧密,外来消费规模持续扩大;商业外资持续增长,零售业开放活跃.伴随着流通业自身的良好发展,流通业对首都经济社会发展的贡献日益显著,在拉动经济增长、促进经济发展方式转变、保障城市安全运行、体现城市繁荣、落实强农惠民政策等方面发挥了重要作用.北京市流通业将围绕"人文北京、科技北京、绿色北京"的发展要求.朝着国际化、规范化、现代化和特色化方向持续升级.努力打造繁荣、便利、放心、特色的流通新环境.     

Evaluating the financial performances of Korean luxury hotels using data envelopment analysis

In the wake of catastrophic natural disasters and rising threats of terrorism, the hotel industry has been hit hard by declining revenues and increasing competition. To avoid such a downward spiral, the hotel industry should find remedies to make its operations lean and robust. These remedies may include: niche marketing, reduced debt ratio, increased profit margin, and continuous improvement of hotel service quality. These remedies, however, would be of no avail, unless the hotel management finds a way to compare its financial strengths and weaknesses against its competitors. In an effort to help the hotel management enhance its financial efficiency and price leverage in the increasingly competitive hotel industry, this article aims to develop a meaningful set of financial benchmarks that will dictate best practices and shape up a successful hotel business model. Thus, we propose a data envelopment analysis (DEA) that is proven to be useful for measuring the financial efficiency of various profit or non-profit organizations. Using the examples of first-class, luxury hotels in Korea, this article illustrates the usefulness of DEA for the continuous improvement of hotel business practices.     

中国与东盟纺织品和服装贸易竞争及对策分析

纺织服装业属于典型的劳动密集型产业，由于其要素密集度的特性与中国和东盟各主要国家现阶段要素禀赋结构相吻合。因而近年来得到了飞速的发展；但从另外一个角度来看，中国和东盟的纺织服装业也因此存在高度的竞争性。在中国和东盟积极筹建中国-东盟自由贸易区的背景下，应认真分析我国和东盟主要国家纺织服装业对外贸易及双边贸易的现状，以及我国和东盟在此行业的竞争关系，以提高我国纺织服装行业的竞争力并在加强区域经济合作的基础上采取相应的策略。     

江浙沪服务业区域竞争力实证分析

本文在前人研究的基础上设计了一套评价服务业竞争力的指标体系,根据这套指标体系来评价江浙沪服务业区域竞争力时发现,上海服务业竞争远高于其他两省,浙江次之,江苏排名虽然最后,但发展潜力很大。文章最后给出了简短对策。