生产率分解下流通业内部结构演化及异质性研究

文章运用DEA-Malmquist指数法，在TFP分解视角下考察2004-2015年我国流通业内部结构演化及行业发展异质性。研究表明，我国流通业TFP增长的主导力量是技术进步，技术效率、规模效率及配置效率改进低下。流通业内部结构演化中各行业发展异质性特征明显，TFP及技术进步在各行业间异质程度呈微弱扩大趋势，技术效率及规模效率异质程度明显上升，配置效率差异程度有所下降。体制改革进程及信息技术资源配置是各行业异质化演化的主导机制。     

Total Factor Productivity in the Turkish Insurance Industry

This paper employs the Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index to examine the total factor productivity change in the life and non‐life branches of the Turkish insurance sector for the period 2000–2005. The Malmquist productivity index is decomposed into two components: the efficiency change component and the technical change component. The results indicate a decrease of 19.4 % in total factor productivity in the life insurance sector and an increase of 6.1% in the non‐life insurance sector during the sample period. Significant TFP growth in the non‐life insurance sector has occurred during 2003–2005. This growth is seen to be mainly due to the change in production technology. The firms are then split into two groups, domestic and foreign firms, according to their ownership composition. The results indicate a decline in total factor productivity for both groups in the life insurance sector whereas in the non‐life insurance sector, an increase in the total factor productivity of domestic firms is observed.     

基于Hicks-Moorsteen指数方法的中国服务业TFP分解——以东部九省为例

采用Hicks-Moorsteen指数方法估算了1978—2002年中国东部九省服务业全要素生产率(Total Factor Productivity,TFP)的增长情况,并将其分解为技术进步和技术效率,结果发现,中国服务业TFP的平均增长率为10.64%,主要原因是技术进步水平的提高,技术效率的贡献率明显偏低,但不同时期技术进步和技术效率对中国服务业TFP增长的贡献存在一定差异。中国服务业TFP的快速增长需要技术进步与技术效率的共同提高,积极推进和深化服务业的市场化改革尤为重要。     

Did Liberalization Impact Productivity of the Indian Electronics Hardware Industry?

In this paper, we analyse the trends in productivity, both partial and total, in the four sectors of the Indian electronics hardware industry after liberalization. Using an innovative combination of two established but independent methodologies, we estimate the contributions of technical efficiency change and technological progress to total factor productivity growth (TFPG) and thereby to output growth. Contrary to expectations, we found that none of the four sectors in the industry achieved impressive growth in capital productivity and TFPG despite the new economic reforms. The firms emphasised technological progress at the cost of technical efficiency change but failed to sustain TFPG as the liberalization of policies intensified further. Surprisingly the firms’ effort to employ skilled labour, larger scales of production and their strategy to improve production technology through R&D and/or imports did not benefit productivity substantially. In a comparative study with China, we found that the Indian electronics hardware industry did not perform as well as that of China due to the persistent rigid and bureaucratic procedures, labour market inefficiencies and inadequate infrastructure, among others.     

资源环境双重规制下中国地区全要素生产率研究——基于1996-2009年的实证分析

基于已有文献在研究全要素生产率时不考虑环境因素,或者仅考虑环境因素而忽视能源投入的现实,文章将资源和环境因素同时纳入生产率研究框架,对1996-2009年中国省级经济单元的全要素生产率(TFP)进行了测算,并将全要素生产率变动分解为技术效率变化和技术进步变化;对技术效率变化进一步分解为纯技术效率变化和规模效率变化,实现了TFP增长的动态分解,并研究了TFP变动的影响因素.研究结果表明,考虑资源环境约束,我国整体TFP较低,还存在较大的改进空间;TFP增长的主要源泉在于技术利用效率的提高,而技术进步和规模效率的作用并不明显.工业产值所占比重、资本/劳动比率上升不利于TFP的提高,外资引入对TFP改进具有拟制作用,降低国有经济比重和政府对市场经济的过度干预、增加环境污染治理投资有助于全要素生产率的提高.在生产效率(或经济增长效率)的核算中,忽略资源环境因素的冲击,有可能导致经济增长效率被高估,由此得出的政策建议会带有一定的误导性.     

Assessing the Impact of Changing Economic Environment on Productivity Growth: The Case of the Spanish Dairy Processing Industry

This article analyzes the productivity growth of the Spanish dairy processing industry from 1996 till 2011, which concerns the period of increased EU regulation regarding food safety as well as economic crisis. Data envelopment analysis is used to compute the Malmquist index and its components. The results suggest that productivity on average declined during the period under investigation. The decomposition of the Malmquist index finds that technical regress contributed to productivity decline despite improvements in technical and scale efficiencies. Our results also suggest that food safety regulations did not have a negative impact on productivity growth. Technical change and scale efficiency change made significant negative contributions to productivity growth in the period under crisis, whereas firms significantly improved their technical efficiency in that period.     

中性还是偏向性技术变迁影响出口?——基于细分行业贸易数据的经验分析

运用Tobit模型对中国SITC-3位码行业出口数据进行实证分析,本文发现,生产率越高的行业出口能力越强,技术变迁带来的效率改进是出口增长的重要原因。但与中性技术变迁相比,偏向性技术变迁更适合解释中国不同行业的相对出口存在差异的问题。劳动和资本密集型行业发生的偏向资本技术变迁,是中国劳动密集型产品出口比重不断减小,而资本密集型产品出口比重不断增加的重要原因。偏向资本的技术变迁,以及由此引起的要素相对生产率改变,与要素相对禀赋一起,预示着我国动态比较优势的逐渐形成。     

服务业 FDI的技术溢出与中国服务业生产率增长

经济增长理论认为,FDI是一国获取外国先进技术的重要渠道。本文采用DEA方法将中国13个服务行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,就服务业FDI对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。研究发现,在2004～2008年期间,中国服务行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;服务业FDI显著地促进了服务行业的全要素生产率增长、技术效率和技术进步的增长。     

Productivity Dynamics of Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan

Using firm level data from Taiwan, this paper examines the link between firm size, growth and productivity. It shows that firms grow because they are more productive and not because they are larger in size. Indeed, the statistical analysis shows that while employment growth among Taiwanese firms was positively related to initial levels of total factor productivity, it was negatively related to initial size. The paper also shows that the productivity-size relationship has a virtuous cycle built in. More productive firms get larger and, in the process, obtain access to resources and information which enables them to become more productive. One implication of these results is that public policies should target productivity rather than size and should support reforms that make it possible for market mechanisms to weed out low productivity firms while facilitating the entry or growth of high productivity firms. Taiwan's ability to keep entry and exit costs low is one reason why productivity gains there have been high.     

服务业FDI的前向关联和中国制造业生产率增长——基于行业面板数据的实证分析

本文采用制造业行业面板数据,运用投入产出表构建服务业FDI对制造业的前向关联指标,并基于DEA方法将制造业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率增长和技术进步增长的基础上,探讨服务业FDI是否通过前向关联促进了中国制造业的生产率增长。研究发现,服务业FDI通过前向关联显著促进了中国制造业的技术水平提升和技术效率改善,但主要是通过提升制造业的技术水平来促进制造业全要素生产率增长。     

Telecommunications in the United States and Changing Productive Efficiency

The issue explored is whether incentive regulation in the telecommunications industry in the United States has resulted in an increase in productive efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, the methodology for measuring the effects of incentive regulation on productive efficiency is reviewed. An approach is introduced that not only provides a measure of the change in productivity but also allows for a decomposition into two mutually exclusive and exhaustive components—changes in technical efficiency over time and shifts in technology over time. Using annual data on four output measures and six input measures for the period 1988–1999 for nineteen individual local exchange carriers, the results indicate that productivity increased by about 4.9% per year. This growth is due primarily to innovation rather than improvements in efficiency. Of the 19 LECs in the sample, 12 were operating efficiently throughout the entire 1988–1999 period. Of the remaining seven, three showed a slight improvement in efficiency while the efficiency of four declined. In the aggregate, however, there was virtually no change in efficiency.     

技术效率、技术进步与中国流通业生产率增长

文章运用基于数据包络分析的Malmquist指数方法测算了中国流通业全要素生产率增长状况,并将其分解为技术效率变化和技术进步.研究表明,1993-2008年中国流通业全要素生产率的平均增长率为0.6%,其中技术效率改善0.4%,技术进步率为0.2%,不同时期生产率增长的特点存在一定差异.同时,东、中、西部地区之间和地区内部全要素生产率的增长率也存在显著差异.全要素生产率对流通业的作用还有待进一步提高.     

中国商业银行全要素生产率测度及其影响因素分析

文章利用Malmquist生产率指数测算了中国14家商业银行2000-2006年的全要素生产率、技术效率和技术变化,并构建Panel Data模型对影响中国商业银行效率的因素进行实证检验.结果表明,2000-2006年中国商业银行全要素生产率平均增长率为4.88%,其主要来源于技术进步的作用,国有商业银行全要素生产率增长比股份制商业银行高,ATM与POS投资对中国商业银行全要素生产率有显著正影响,自有资本比例有利于改善商业银行生产效率,而存贷款比例、规模、资产费用率与商业银行生产效率提高没有显著联系.     

效率演进视角下中国服务业行业发展异质性分析

文章运用超越对数生产函数的随机前沿模型,对1990-2012年间中国服务业TFP进行了详细分解,从效率演化的视角对各行业发展的异质性现象及其内在机制进行了分析。研究结果表明,我国服务业技术效率受政府财政支出、市场化改革的影响显著,进出口贸易和外商直接投资在技术结构交互式影响下,显著水平有所提高。服务业TFP增长的主导力量逐步由技术效率改进转变为技术进步,但技术进步缓慢且技术效率水平低下,服务业经济增长粗放型特征仍然明显。由于体制性障碍以及深层次问题的存在,导致服务业各行业配置效率和规模效率改进水平低下,部分行业的规模效率呈现出持续恶化的现象。     

人口城镇化与农产品流通产业效率时空耦合分析

人口城镇化快速发展为农产品流通产业效率提升注入了活力,而农产品流通产业效率提升也为人口城镇化快速发展提供了支持,两者在时间和空间上的耦合水平会对区域经济发展质量产生影响。利用DEA-Malquist和耦合度模型系统对2009—2019年中国31个省份农产品流通产业的全要素生产率变化及其分解、技术效率以及人口城镇化水平的耦合度进行了研究。结果显示:农产品流通产业技术效率低和人口城镇化快速发展是同时存在的;农产品流通产业全要素生长率增长是技术进步驱动的,而非技术效率驱动的;农产品流通产业效率提升和人口城镇化在时间和空间上的耦合度呈现出从低水平向高水平发展的轮动趋势,在不同区域之间具有显著差异。在耦合度较低的区域,应最大化发挥城市溢出效应,全面提升农产品流通产业技术效率;在耦合度较高的区域,要积极促进城镇化发展,加强与电子商务融合,全面优化农产品流通各个环节。     

中国旅游上市公司全要素生产率动态测度——基于Malmquist指数方法

旅游上市公司是旅游业内的龙头企业,其经营效率的提升是促进旅游业进一步发展的关键,这也正是本文关注的重点。本文选择2004~2008年国内19家旅游上市公司的面板数据,运用Malmquist指数方法进行计算分析,得出在样本期内平均全要素生产率是上升的,且全要素生产率的增长源于效率提升和技术进步的结论,并根据技术效率变动和技术进步变动的水平将19家公司分为5个类别,相应提出针对性的效率提升方向。     

我国原料奶生产全要素生产率增长分析

根据2004-2008年中国23个省市奶牛场统计数据,采用多产出随机距离函数估计方法,测算全国和各地区的全要素生产率变动。研究结果表明,原料奶生产的全要素生产率增长较为缓慢,技术效率改善是全要素生产率增长的主要动力,规模效率和资源配置效率的提升潜力较大,技术水平退步是阻碍TFP增长的主要原因;主产区与非主产区之间存在增长差异,且非主产区的全要素生产率进步更快。     

Capital Subsidies and the Performance of Firms

In many countries, governments grant different capital subsidies to the business sector in order to promote growth. Also the EU, provides this type of subsidies. As De Long and Summers (1991) suggest there may be market failure justifications for public subsidisation of firms. However, because the use of subsidies may cause problems, it is far from clear how they affect long-run economic growth. This study examines the effects on total factor productivity of public capital subsidies to firms in Sweden between 1987 and 1993. Panel data which distinguish between subsidised and unsubsidised firms in the manufacturing industry are used. The results suggest that subsidisation can influence growth, but there seems to be little evidence that the subsidies have affected productivity.     

Technical efficiency and productivity growth of entrant firms in the retail sector in Spain

This paper analyses efficiency and productivity growth in relation to size, and age and for both entrant and incumbent firms using a birth cohort approach for the period 1995–2003 for two sectors, non-specialized shop (521) and specialized shop (524) three-digit NACE. On the one hand, our results indicate the existence of statistically significant differences among entrant and incumbent firms by size. Also, we found differences according to the start up size in relation to membership of the birth cohort and activity sectors. On the other hand, productivity growth shows that, in general, the larger entrants in the non-specialized sector obtained higher productivity than did small firms. This phenomenon was not observed in the specialized sector, where firms worsened in productivity in most of the cohorts and we did not find significant differences in productivity growth between large and small firms. Efficiency changes tend to be a positive contributor to total factor productivity change, but technical change tends to be a negative contributor for both sectors. A deeper analysis of the efficiency changes (catching up) has shown that these improvements are generally attributed to pure technical efficiency and the scale.     

Export Premia and Subcontracting Discount: Passive Strategies and Performance in Domestic and Foreign Markets

This paper contributes to the literature on firms’ productivity and exporting decisions by analysing the role played by organisational choice aspects. Rather than setting up a vertically integrated structure, manufacturers may act as subcontractors in both domestic and foreign markets, and produce to satisfy the requirements of other firms. The predictions that the most productive firms self‐select into exporting, whereas the least productive ones work as subcontractors serving the domestic market only, are tested on a sample of Italian firms observed during the 1998–2003 period. The results of our estimates highlight a ranking of firms consistent with a priori expectations, and provide a clear indication that passive exporters (i.e. those using subcontracting in foreign markets) display lower total factor productivity (TFP) values when compared with direct exporters. Moreover, only the latter category exhibits higher pre‐entry productivity levels and growth rates as well as higher post‐entry TFP growth rates. Such findings are consistent with both the self‐selection hypothesis and the learning‐by‐exporting explanation.