国际货币体系的属性——基于国际货币契约的研究

本文从国际货币契约视角探讨国际货币体系的演变发展。文章认为现行国际货币体系的最根本属性在于无约束的纯信用本位货币特质,当前全球经济失衡问题正是在这种信用货币本位下的储备国道德风险作用的集中表现。本文对关于国际货币地位形成的"抵押资产契约"说进行评析,并认为未来国际货币体系将通过货币竞争朝着多元化方向发展来克服无约束的信用本位的弊端。     

全球性货币错配与国际货币体系改革

全球性货币错配是全球经济失衡的货币表现,而以"美元本位制"为核心的现行国际货币体系是全球性货币错配的重要根源。国际货币体系改革的方向是加强国际间货币金融合作,最大限度地降低各国货币错配程度,以防止金融风险的扩大和货币危机的频繁发生。     

现行的国际货币体系是否是全球经济失衡和金融危机的原因

本文研究了现行国际储备货币体系下的国际收支问题。分析表明,现行的国际货币体系不仅是全球经济失衡的重要原因,而且是过去30年间频繁发生的众多金融危机的原因之一;在该体系安排下,汇率调整很难解决储备货币发行国国际收支赤字和全球失衡问题;无论储备货币国选择国际收支盈余、赤字还是平衡的政策,都难以避免会引发全球金融危机和不稳定。因此,缓解全球失衡、防范和减少金融危机的发生,改革现行的国际货币体系显得尤为关键。     

国际货币体系的现状与发展

2008年席卷全球的金融危机使得改革现有国际货币体系的呼声日益高涨。现有的国际货币体系是以美元为世界储备货币基础的体系。本文从国际货币体系的演变以及现行国际货币体系的现状出发,来阐明现行国际货币体系的弊端以及国际货币体系发展的方向,并明确国际货币体系的改革是一个漫长的、渐进的过程。     

论国际货币体系

国际货币体系是指调节各国货币关系的一整套国际性的规则，安排、惯例和机构，国际货币体系的存在，对国际金融活动的正常运转，乃至国际经济贸易的发展都具有十分重要的意义。国际货币体系主要包括汇率机制，国际收支不平衡的调节机制，国际储备资产形式。     

加强SDR在国际货币体系中的地位和作用

文章分析了现存国际货币体系存在的种种缺陷和不稳定性。改革现存国际货币体系的终极目标是全球信用全球管理。在目前尚无法设立世界中央银行、创建世界货币的情况下,可以采取渐进的改革路线,核心内容是在多元化国际储备货币体系中增强SDR的作用,通过扩大SDR的发行规模、增强其国际货币职能来推动改革。     

现行国际货币体系的缺陷及其改革思路

20世纪90年代以来,发展中国家爆发了一系列的金融危机,以及最近缘起美国次贷危机的全球金融危机将现行国际货币体系的缺陷暴露无遗．由此引发了各国对现行国际货币体系改革的广泛讨论。正是基于此,本文首先论述了现行国际货币体系的缺陷,然后在此基础上提出对现行国际货币体系改革的思路与方法。     

从国际储备货币的角度看国际货币体系的改革

国际货币体系从19世纪末至今，经历了很多次的危机，也实行了多次的变革。2009年经济危机又一次暴露出了当前国际货币体系的缺陷。国际货币体系面临改革的命运。本文试图通过对国际货币体系的缺陷分析．从国际储备货币的角度审视是应该选择超主权国际储备货币还是选择多元化的国际储备货币。     

全球金融危机与国际货币体系改革分析

由美国的次贷危机引发的全球性金融危机愈演愈烈,已经演变成一场席卷全球的经济危机,使以美元为主导的国际货币体系要面临严峻挑战,国际货币体系改革重新被提到议事日程上来。本文分析了当前国际货币体系存在的问题,并为国际货币体系改革提出了若干建议。     

欧洲债务危机与国际货币体系重建

全球金融危机的爆发揭示了当前国际货币体系的内在缺陷,国际货币体系的重建势在必行,而2009年底爆发的欧洲债务危机对国际货币体系的重建产生了深远的影响。本文对金融危机后国际货币体系重建的主要思路进行了分析,并重点研究了欧洲债务危机对国际货币体系重建的影响和启示。     

论国际储备货币体系能否实现多元化

欧元虽然在整个货币体系结构中地位逐渐增强,可就现阶段而言,美元的霸权地位仍然很难被其他货币所取代。但从长远来看,国际储备货币体系的多元化仍然是大势所趋。因为只有稳步地推进的多元化的货币体系,才能真正支撑起国际经济的稳定。     

Risks and returns in international currency futures

Conclusion This paper analyzed the risk/return level of international currency futures traded on International Monetary Market of Chicago during 1972–1977 period. The empirical results indicate that relative risk and returns for each currency future studied are both close to zero during the sample period. The fact that the beta value for currency futures is close to zero implies its returns are uncorrelated with the market portfolio. Therefore, investors can reduce the risk level of their total portfolio significantly by adding currency futures.     

A theory of international currency: Competition and discipline

We explicitly consider strategic interaction between governments to study currency competition and its effects on the circulation of currencies and welfare in a two-country two-currency search-theoretic model. Each government finances public goods by means of seigniorage. Compared with a regime with two local currencies, a regime with one international currency allows the issuer of the international currency to reduce the inflation tax while collecting more seigniorage, and forces the other issuer to raise the rate to compensate for a diminished tax base. However, the country with a local currency is sometimes constrained by an inflation discipline: the more open a country is, the stronger is the discipline. Strategic selection of equilibrium gives rise to a further inflation discipline: the larger country tries to have its currency circulate abroad, while the smaller country tries to prevent the circulation of Foreign currency.     

The choice of an invoicing currency in international trade and the balance of trade impact of currency depreciation

Cross-country differences in the choice of an invoicing currency in international trade is one reason for cross-country differences in estimated exchange rate coefficients in short-run balance of trade equations. If exports are invoiced in domestic currency while imports are invoiced in a foreign currency, a depreciation will increase the domestic currency value of outstanding import contracts, and may cause the balance of trade to fall in the short run. Countries with different invoicing patterns will have different effects on the short-run trade balance following a depreciation. We explore a simple theory of invoicing currency choice, drawing inferences regarding the likely choices for 14 countries. This allows a classification of countries according to the expected short-run balance of trade effect of a currency depreciation. Empirical estimates support the hypothesized groupings based on suggested currency invoicing patterns.     

Will the renminbi become a world currency?

China has emerged as a major power in the world economy, so it seems natural to consider whether its currency will also have a major role. At present the renminbi is not used internationally. We look at the factors that contribute to the international use of currencies, and focus on the aspects of China's financial system that would have to change before the renminbi emerged as an important regional or world currency. Even with significant reforms, two questions would remain: whether the authorities would want to encourage its international use, and whether an economy with substantial party control could gain international acceptance for its currency.     

现行国际货币体系改革探析

由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机极大地暴露了现行国际货币体系的弊端,表明了现行国际货币体系与经济发展的不适应性。本文对现行国际货币体系的缺陷进行了分析,并提出了对现行国际货币体系改革的思路和对策:建立统一超主权国际储备货币、改革国际汇率制度、改革IMF的职能和作用。     

Optimal currency shares in international reserves: The impact of the euro and the prospects for the dollar

Foreign exchange reserve accumulation has risen dramatically in recent years. The introduction of the euro, greater liquidity in other major currencies, and the rising current account deficits and external debt of the United States have increased the pressure on central banks to diversify away from the US dollar. A major portfolio shift would significantly affect exchange rates and the status of the dollar as the dominant international currency. We develop a dynamic mean-variance optimization framework with portfolio rebalancing costs to estimate optimal portfolio weights among the main international currencies. Making various assumptions on expected currency returns and the variance–covariance structure, we assess how the euro has changed this allocation. We then perform simulations for the optimal currency allocations of four large emerging market countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), adding constraints that reflect a central bank's desire to hold a sizable portion of its portfolio in the currencies of its peg, its foreign debt and its international trade. Our main results are: (i) The optimizer can match the large share of the US dollar in reserves, when the dollar is the reference (risk-free) currency. (ii) The optimum portfolios show a much lower weight for the euro than is observed. This suggests that the euro may already enjoy an enhanced role as an international reserve currency (“punching above its weight”). (iii) Growth in issuance of euro-denominated securities, a rise in euro zone trade with key emerging markets, and increased use of the euro as a currency peg, would all work towards raising the optimal euro shares, with the last factor being quantitatively the most important. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (4) (2006) 508–547.     

Will the role of the dollar as the international reserve currency be challenged?

The actual role of the US Dollar as the international reserve currency is an essential part of a financial architecture, which was conceived after World War II. Since then the world-wide economic, financial and political landscape has fundamentally changed. The article describes through which mechanisms the actual financial architecture will be challenged and what will be the consequences and occasional outcome.     

The behavior of foreign currency holdings during currency crises: Causes and consequences

This paper evaluates the current literature on dollarization and finds it to be disappointing in its ability to explain many of the prevailling features of the dollarizations experiences in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. The paper takes a different approach to the standard empirical studies, which usually extend a demand for money function to include international variables, by analyzing foreign currency holding behaviors in response to the sustainability and credibility of the exchange rate regime. The results are very promising and explain some of the previously unexplained phenomena which arise from dollarization.