The Changing Spatial Relationship Between Residences and Worksites in the New York Metropolitan Region: Implications for Public Policy

In recent decades, most new metropolitan population and job growth has occurred in the suburbs. Conventional wisdom suggests that because of the selective nature of suburban labor market development, most metropolitan workers currently live further from their jobs. Distance, in turn, fragments urban labor markets and creates physical and informational barriers to employment.
This article examines the selective pattern of central city-suburban labor market development within the New York Metropolitan Region between 1960 and 1975 and analyzes the extent to which worker residences have adapted to spatial shifts in employment.     

正确处理国家大煤矿与小煤矿关系研究

一、改革开放以来,我国煤炭工业大煤矿与小煤矿关系的历程我国幅员辽阔,含煤面积较广,煤炭资源比较丰富,据统计,累计探明储量在１００亿ｔ以上的有１３个省（区）。其中,山西、陕西、内蒙古、黑龙江、河南、贵州等省（区）以煤炭资源丰富而成为煤炭资源省份。这些富...     

知识经济时代知识与权力的匹配对组织的影响

知识经济时代,知识成为组织中最重要的资源,生产、分配和使用这一资源的知识型员工遍布组织各部门。如何留住这些知识型员工并使他们充分发挥知识的力量为组织创造价值?本文从知识与权力匹配视角构建了一个多主体仿真模型,借助计算机仿真软件NetLogo动态模拟了组织中知识与权力是否匹配及不同匹配程度、组织中知识含量及收入分配方式等对员工努力程度、员工效用、组织规模及组织产出的影响。研究表明:知识与权力的匹配有利于留住知识型员工并使其更加努力为组织创造价值;而匹配程度越高,组织的各项指标越好;随着组织中知识含量的增加,这一结果越显著;而按劳分配方式下知识与权力完全匹配的组织能更好地实现组织的良性发展。     

国家中心城市的金融集聚对经济效率的影响研究

本文以八大国家中心城市为研究对象,基于区位熵和 Malmquist 指数测算其金融集聚和经济效率,运用系统GMM和面板回归实证检验其金融集聚与经济效率关系。结果表明：整体上金融集聚对全要素生产率、纯技术效率、规模效率和技术进步均有显著促进效应;各城市金融集聚均对规模效率有显著促进效应,对全要素生产率及其他分解指数的影响存在显著差异。得出以市场化为改革核心、加强金融供给侧改革、“脱虚向实”、推进创新驱动和扩大金融开放等建议。     

人与安全生产的关系

在世界经济高速发展的同时．安全生产的形势却十分严峻，从国内外来看群死群伤的重特大恶性事故频繁发生。事故就如同“无形的战争”在侵袭着我们的社会、企业和家庭。正像一位政治家所说：意外事故是除自然死亡外人类生存的第一杀手。     

The Relationship between Delegation and Incentives Across Occupations: Evidence and Theory

A large literature suggests that incentive pay and delegation of worker authority are positively related. Using data from a large cross section of British establishments, we show that the positive relationship found in the empirical literature masks a stark difference across jobs. Classifying jobs into two categories (complex jobs, including professional, technical and scientific occupations, and simple jobs, consisting of all other non‐managerial occupations) we find a positive relationship for simple jobs and a negative relationship for complex jobs. To explain this negative relationship, we develop a model where stronger incentives distort a worker's decisions towards low risk‐return tasks.     

The Wealth Effects of Sale and Leasebacks: New Evidence

This paper investigates the phenomenon of sale and leasebacks as one way in which firms may use financial contracts to rearrange their organizational architecture. A theoretic model links the length of initial leaseback period to incentives to make noncontractible future investments in the lease relationship and predicts that firms choose shorter leases when landlords make relatively important investments. Using a sample of 71 sale and leaseback events from the 1990s, we document a significant mean abnormal return of 1.3% for shareholders of seller/lessee firms announcing relatively short leasebacks. The evidence suggests that firms may use sale and leasebacks to optimize their claims to real estate.     

Attendance and the Uncertainty-of-Outcome Hypothesis in Baseball

Sports offer interesting insights into demand due to the added twist of fan preferences for outcome uncertainty. We add to and amend previous work by analyzing the time series behavior of Major League Baseball attendance (1901–2003) using break point analysis, exploring a wide variety of measures of game uncertainty, playoff uncertainty, and consecutive season uncertainty. Only playoff uncertainty is statistically significant, and it is economically significant only for (1) truly ambitious intervention and (2) recent history. The policy implication is that actual league choices may be motivated by wealth redistribution rather than concerns over competitive balance.      

The Role of Broadcasting in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports

This essay describes important technological changes with regard to broadcasting and the growth of new revenue streams that those changes have created over the last 30 years and their influence on how, when, where and even for whom college sports are played. We discuss college sports broadcasting history, including the advent of cable television and new media technologies, complementary industries such as sponsorships and apparel, and public goods and winner-take-all market considerations as they relate to broadcasting. We examine the impact of these changes on the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its members as they adjust to, and compete for this new money that is on the table. Finally, we speculate about how all of this might play out by 2030.     

产品标准与产品质量监督的关系

从产品标准与产品质量监督目的和对象的共同性、产品标准是实施产品质量监督的技术依据、产品质量监督是产品标准贯彻实施的重要手段、产品质量监督是产品标准更新和修改的原动力之一，产品标准的更新发展促进了产品质量监督水平的提高等五个方面，论述了产品标准和产品质量监督之间的相互关系。指出，产品标准和产品质量监督是一种相互依存、相互促进的关系。     

浅论投资与经济增长的关系

投资与经济增长问题一直是人们关注的焦点。投资与经济增长之间存在着相互促进、相互制约的辨证关系。一方面投资对经济增长有着重要的不可替代的贡献,是经济增长的主要动力之一,另一方面经济增长又强烈地影响和决定着投资行为。     

The Disappearing Relationship Between Directors' Pay and Corporate Performance

In this paper we investigate the relationship between the remuneration of the highest paid director and the economic performance of approximately 300 large UK companies over the 1980s and early 1990s. The rate of growth of directors' remuneration was very high over this time period (about 20 per cent per year on average) and very weakly linked to corporate performance. Any such link breaks down after 1988, when the very high pay awards received by top directors in the recessionary period up to 1991 appear to be unrelated to the performance of their companies, whether corporate performance is measured using stock market data or using accounting data on earnings per share. Rather, it appears that corporate growth is an important determinant of the change in directors' remuneration. These results strongly call into question the effectiveness of current systems of pay determination for top company directors.     

The Relationship Between Union Membership and Net Fiscal Impact

This paper develops the first evidence on how individuals’ union membership status affects their net fiscal impact, the difference between taxes they pay and cost of public benefits they receive, enriching our understanding of how labor relations interacts with public economics. Current Population Survey data between 1994 and 2015 in pooled cross‐sections and individual first‐difference models yield evidence that union membership has a positive net fiscal impact through the worker‐level channels studied.     

全球石油市场中的政府与石油企业

作为世界上最大的贸易市场和最大的全球性产业,石油工业对现代社会经济发展的影响有增无减。各个国家由于制度不同、经济发展和产业发展阶段不同、资源条件不同和政策取向不同,对石油工业采取了不同的管理体制和监管体系。政府对石油行业的正确监管十分重要,但并非越多越好,要正确认识监管必须认清监管的独立性、社会性、经济性、阶段性以及特殊性。基于全球石油工业的所有制安排和政府监管的特点,借鉴国外成熟市场的经验并结合国内油气市场发展现状与存在的问题,对中国未来的油气工业市场化改革提出以下政策建议：1)油气工业的改革要法治先行和建立监管机构先行;2)转变政府管理观念和管理体制,实行有效、公开和透明的监管;3)区分市场和政府的不同定位,例如,保障石油安全是政府的天职,但是安全并不等同于政府控制。     

The Causal Association Between Employee Share Ownership and Attitudes: a Study Based on the Long Framework

This paper examines the causal association between share ownership and attitudes of New Zealand managers, using Long's (1978a) theoretical framework. The results of the longitudinal study showed that: (1) pre-existing attitudes had no causal effect on the decision to purchase shares; and (2) employee share ownership did not result in the expected improvement in attitudes. Reasons as to why the scheme had little effect are discussed.     

The Long-Run Relationship between House Prices and Income: Evidence from Local Housing Markets

Many in the housing literature argue that house prices and income are cointegrated. I show that the data do not support this view. Standard tests using 27 years of national-level data do not find evidence of cointegration. However, standard tests for cointegration have low power, especially in small samples. I use panel-data tests for cointegration that are more powerful than their time-series counterparts to test for cointegration in a panel of 95 metro areas over 23 years. Using a bootstrap approach to allow for cross-correlations in city-level house-price shocks, I show that even these more powerful tests do not reject the hypothesis of no cointegration. Thus the error-correction specification for house prices and income commonly found in the literature may be inappropriate.     

Exploring the Relationship Between Aesthetic Design as an Element of New Service Development and Performance*

The purpose of this research is to investigate the conditions under which the use of aesthetic design as an element of new service development is likely to improve performance—more specifically, to empirically examine how aesthetic design can contribute to competitive advantage, resistance to imitation, and profitability, and how these contributions are moderated by the process of commoditization. Based on analysis of three rounds of longitudinal data collected one year apart in a population of new technology‐based firms, the findings are that aesthetic design as an element of new service development can contribute positively to competitive advantage, resistance to imitation, and profitability, but that the effectiveness of using aesthetic design to achieve these outcomes differs depending on the level of commoditization. Positive relationships are found between the use of aesthetic design and competitive advantage and profitability, respectively, when the level of commoditization is high. Furthermore, the positive relationship between aesthetic design and resistance to service imitation is stronger when the relative importance of aesthetic design in a firms' sector is low, that is, conditions under which aesthetic design is not already expected. This research suggests that practitioners should consider using aesthetic design to counteract commoditization when the markets in which they compete are characterized by ready access to services that meet customers' needs and expectations for features, performance, and reliability, and expectations for aesthetic design have not already become established. Furthermore, they should be aware that the use of aesthetic design may turn into a baseline customer requirement, implying that while attention to aesthetic design is necessary to compete it may cease to constitute a potential source of competitive advantage.     

No News Is Good News: The Relationship Between Media Attention and Strike Duration

Media attention has been overlooked as a potential determinant of strike duration. This study analyzed the impact of media attention on strike duration using a sample of the 90 largest U.S. strikes that occurred from 1980 to 1991. Results indicated that a strong positive relationship exists between prestrike media attention and strike duration, even while controlling for strike size, organizational fame, the occurrence of a federal intervention, the involvement of a famous union, history of conflict, and broad industry categories. A possible social psychological explanation—bargaining parties behave rigidly in response to increases in public attention—is discussed.     

工程项目管理企业(PM)与业主关系问题的探讨

在采用项目管理服务的管理方式下，工程项目管理企业(PM)和业主之间关系的好坏会直接影响到双方合作的成效，建立两间的良好关系，将增加项目管理服务业发展的市场动力来源。结合了南京国际广场工程项目管理的实践，对PM与业主之间的关系进行了分析，总结了实践中PM和业主之间存在的一些问题，提出了建立“伙伴关系”的建议，以及成功建立伙伴关系的几个重要因素。     

New Information Technology and the Knowledge-Based Economy. The Italian Evidence

This work analyses the outcome of the interaction between: 1) the diffusion of new information technologies; 2) their effects on the tradability, divisibility and transportability of information; 3) the growing role of business service industries in the introduction of new technologies; 4) the interaction between receptivity and connectivity of learning agents in the generation of localized technological change based upon both tacit and generic knowledge, and 5) the parallel increase in total factor productivity. The empirical results provide some support, with respect to the Italian economy, to two hypotheses: 1) The co-evolution of usage of business and communication services. Our empirical analysis has shown the strong correlation between the levels and rates of growth in the use of communication and business services. 2) The productivity enhancing effects of the co-evolution in the use of business and communication.