公开市场操作与利率期限结构行为——基于混频数据信息的研究视角

在混频数据信息环境中,精准识别公开市场操作(央行政策利率)和国债收益率曲线(基准利率体系)之间的关联机制至关重要,其影响了货币政策期限结构传导的有效性。本文在混频Nelson-Siegel(N-S)利率期限结构模型框架下,引入央行政策利率,揭示公开市场操作与利率期限结构(水平、斜率、曲度)因子之间的作用机制。实证结果表明:混频数据信息条件下,引入的公开市场操作信息显著改进国债收益率曲线的拟合效果;斜率因子冲击对公开市场操作具有显著的正向影响,而利率期限结构因子对政策调控的反应不敏感。进一步研究表明,2015年以来,公开市场操作对斜率因子的影响逐渐扩大,政策利率向国债收益率曲线的传导效率得到显著提高,我国现代货币政策框架日益健全。     

中国自然利率之谜与债券市场定价——基于宏观金融模型视角

关于发达国家的研究普遍存在使用标准金融模型估计的自然利率与宏观方法估计的自然利率不相符的“自然利率之谜”现象。本文分别使用金融模型和宏观半结构模型估计中国的自然利率,发现同样存在“自然利率之谜”现象。我们通过构建一致性的宏观金融模型,采用宏观经济变量和收益率曲线信息共同估计自然利率来解决这一问题。此外,寻找债券收益率的影响因子是债券定价研究的重要方面,宏观与金融模型的结合是债券定价研究的重要趋势。宏观金融理论表明,趋势通货膨胀和自然利率是收益率曲线的基本决定因素,在宏观金融框架下,我们进一步研究了自然利率对债券收益率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)宏观金融模型能很好地解决中国“自然利率之谜”问题,宏观金融模型估计得到的自然利率略低于宏观半结构模型的结果。(2)自然利率对债券收益率有显著影响,模型中增加自然利率信息能够提高对不同期限国债收益率的拟合优度。本文对进一步加强自然利率影响因素研究,运用一致性宏观金融模型得到的自然利率信息优化货币政策效果提供了参考。     

银行间债市收益率上扬的成因及后市展望

自2013年6月以来,利率的上行趋势已从货币市场利率扩散到中长端国债收益率,并蔓延到短端收益率。回归分析结果表明,经济基本面和资金面仅可部分解释国债收益率的上涨。文章进一步分析指出,货币政策维持中性偏紧趋向、金融机构调整资产配置结构削减债券投资额度、银行筹资方式多元化推高资金成本这三大因素,也是引起本轮利率接力上行的显著外力。中长期看,债券市场收益率中枢将随之抬升。在中性偏紧的货币政策基调没有改变前,债券市场将只有阶段性回嗳而无趋势性好转的行情。     

Extracting inflation expectations and inflation risk premia from the term structure: A joint model of the UK nominal and real yield curves

This paper analyses the UK interest rate term structure over the period since October 1992, when the United Kingdom adopted an explicit inflation target, using an affine term structure model estimated using both government bond yields and survey data. The model imposes no-arbitrage restrictions across nominal and real yields, which enables interest rates to be decomposed into expected real policy rates, expected inflation, real term premia and inflation risk premia. The model is used to shed light on major developments over the period, including the impact of Bank of England independence and the low real bond yield ‘conundrum’.     

Volatility transmission between stock and bond markets

A two-factor no-arbitrage model is used to provide a theoretical link between stock and bond market volatility. While this model suggests that short-term interest rate volatility may, at least in part, drive both stock and bond market volatility, the empirical evidence suggests that past bond market volatility affects both markets and feeds back into short-term yield volatility. The empirical modelling goes on to examine the (time-varying) correlation structure between volatility in the stock and bond markets and finds that the sign of this correlation has reversed over the last 20 years. This has important implications far portfolio selection in financial markets.     

中国的利率体系与利率市场化改革

利率对宏观经济均衡和资源配置有重要导向意义。央行确定政策利率要符合经济规律、宏观调控和跨周期设计需要。目前,中国的真实利率略低于经济增速,处于较为合理水平。中国已形成较为完整的市场化利率体系,主要通过货币政策工具调节银行体系流动性,释放政策利率调控信号,在利率走廊的辅助下,引导市场基准利率以政策利率为中枢运行,并通过银行体系传导至贷款利率,调节和优化资源配置,实现货币政策目标。中国具备继续实施正常货币政策的条件,将尽可能地延长正常货币政策的时间,目前不需要实施资产购买操作。在市场化利率体系中,收益率曲线非常重要,它反映利率由短及长的期限结构,可为各类金融产品和市场主体提供定价参考。收益率曲线的短端为货币市场基准利率,直接受央行货币政策操作的影响;长端则为国债收益率,主要反映市场对未来宏观经济走势的预期。经过多年发展,我国的国债收益率曲线应用日益广泛,整体趋于成熟,而在市场基础方面还有进一步提升的空间。     

China’s official rates and bond yields

Recent research shows that bond yields are influenced by monetary policy decisions. To learn how this works in a bond market that differs significantly from those in the US and Europe, we model Chinese bond yields using the one-year deposit interest rate as a state variable. We also include the spread between the one-year market interest rate and the one-year deposit interest rate as another factor. The model is developed in an affine framework and closed-form solutions are obtained. We then test the model empirically with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation procedure. The results show that the new model that incorporates the official rate in China characterizes the changing shape of the yield curve well.     

A positive interest rate model with sticky barrier

This paper proposes an efficient model for the term structure of interest rates when the interest rate takes very small values. We make the following choices: (i) we model the short-term interest rate, (ii) we assume that once the interest rate reaches zero, it stays there and we have to wait for a random time until the rate is reinitialized to a (possibly random) strictly positive value. This setting ensures that all term rates are strictly positive.

Our objective is to provide a simple method to price zero-coupon bonds. A basic statistical study of the data at hand indeed suggests a switch to a different mode of behaviour when we get to a low level of interest rates. We introduce a variable for the time already spent at 0 (during the last stay) and derive the pricing equation for the bond. We then solve this partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) on its entire domain using a finite difference method (Cranck–Nicholson scheme), a method of characteristics and a fixed point algorithm. Resulting yield curves can exhibit many different shapes, including the S shape observed on the recent Japanese market.     

Interest Rate Volatility and the Term Structure: A Two-Factor General Equilibrium Model

We develop a two-factor general equilibrium model of the term structure. The factors are the short-term interest rate and the volatility of the short-term interest rate. We derive closed-form expressions for discount bonds and study the properties of the term structure implied by the model. The dependence of yields on volatility allows the model to capture many observed properties of the term structure. We also derive closed-form expressions for discount bond options. We use Hansen's generalized method of moments framework to test the cross-sectional restrictions imposed by the model. The tests support the two-factor model.     

A MEASUREMENT OF THE ERRORS IN INTRA-PERIOD COMPOUNDING AND BOND VALUATION

The errors in intra-period compounding and bond pricing are widespread in textbooks, and they also periodically occur in published research. This article deals with the measurement of error and the magnitude of error when, given the market price of other than annual bonds, the yield to maturity is calculated using the incorrect formula. The authors demonstrate that the errors are (1) the result of confusion, not oversight, (2) large in magnitude when the effective yearly interest rate is high, and (3) not symmetrical; that is, the characteristics of the errors when determining yields, given bond prices, differ from the characteristics of the errors when determining bond prices, given interest rates.     

Structural models of corporate bond pricing with maximum likelihood estimation

This paper empirically examines the proxy, volatility-restriction (VR) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches to implementing structural corporate bond pricing models, and documents that ML estimation is the best among the three implementation methods. Empirical studies using either the proxy approach or the VR method conclude that barrier-independent models significantly underestimate corporate bond yields. Although barrier-dependent models tend to overestimate the yield on average, they generate a sizable degree of underestimation. The present paper shows that the proxy approach is an upwardly biased estimator of the corporate assets and makes the empirical framework work systematically against structural models of corporate bond pricing. The VR approach may generate inconsistent corporate bond prices or may fail to give a positive corporate bond price for some structural models. When the Merton, LS, BD and LT models are implemented with ML estimation, we find substantial improvement in their performances. Our empirical analysis shows that the LT model is very accurate for predicting short-term bond yields, whereas the LS and BD models are good predictors for medium-term and long-term bonds. The Merton model however significantly overestimates short-term bond yields and underestimates long-term bond yields. Unlike empirical studies in the past, the Merton model implemented with ML estimation does not consistently underestimate corporate bond yields.     

Fundamental Properties of Bond Prices in Models of the Short-Term Rate

This article develops restrictions that arbitrage-constrainedbond prices impose on the short-term rate process in order tobe consistent with given dynamic properties of the term structureof interest rates. The central focus is the relationship betweenbond prices and the short-term rate volatility. In both scalarand multidimensional diffusion settings, typical relationshipsbetween bond prices and volatility are generated by joint restrictionson the risk-neutralized drift functions of the state variablesand convexity of bond prices with respect to the short-termrate. The theory is illustrated by several examples and is partiallyextended to accommodate the occurrence of jumps and default.     

Interest Rate Skewness and Biased Beliefs

Conditional skewness of Treasury yields is an important indicator of the risks to the macroeconomic outlook. Positive skewness signals upside risk to interest rates during periods of accommodative monetary policy and an upward-sloping yield curve, and vice versa. Skewness has substantial predictive power for future bond excess returns, high-frequency interest rate changes around Federal Open Market Committee announcements, and survey forecast errors for interest rates. The estimated expectational errors, or biases in beliefs, are quantitatively important for statistical bond risk premia. These findings are consistent with a heterogeneous-beliefs model in which one of the agents is wrong about consumption growth.     

短期融资券发行利差结构分析

本文选取175只短期融资券为样本，研究各主要因素对短期融资券发行利差的影响。实证分析发现，短期融资券发行利差具有明显的期限结构，并受到发行规模、央票利率水平、企业性质和重大信用风险事件的显著影响，个另4行业和超大型企业也能享受一定的利差优惠。研究还表明，现阶段在发行人个体层面没有明显的利差结构性差异，表现为发行人财务指标对发行利差的影响不显著。     

Nonlinear term structure dependence: Copula functions,empirics, and risk implications

This paper documents nonlinear cross-sectional dependence in the term structure of US-Treasury yields and points out risk management implications. The analysis is based on a Kalman filter estimation of a two-factor affine model which specifies the yield curve dynamics. We then apply a broad class of copula functions for modeling dependence in factors spanning the yield curve. Our sample of monthly yields in the 1982–2001 period provides evidence of upper tail dependence in yield innovations; i.e., large positive interest rate shocks tend to occur under increased dependence. In contrast, the best-fitting copula model coincides with zero lower tail dependence. This asymmetry has substantial risk management implications. We give an example in estimating bond portfolio loss quantiles and report the biases which result from an application of the normal dependence model.     

2014年11月银行间本币市场运行评述

2014年11月,银行间本币市场交易量为29．5万亿元,与上月基本持平,其中债券借贷交易522亿元,创单月交易量历史新高。银行间货币市场先松后紧,短期限品种利率上升;现券市场到期收益率继续走低,信用利差小幅波动;在经济基本面和政策面双重利好作用下,互换利率继续下行。     

2014年4月银行间市场运行报告

4月,银行间市场的整体运行特点是：人民币市场资金面整体较为宽松,短期利率先抑后扬：债券市场交投仍显谨慎,收益率曲线平坦化;人民币汇率再创新低,交易汇率年内贬值超过3％;汇率衍生品曲线和人民币利率互换曲线均趋于陡峭化,隐含美元利率持续下降,汇率衍生品交投活跃。     

2013年11月国际金融市场运行综述

2013年11月，美元指数先升后降，总体持平。美元短期利率下降，欧元短期利率先降后升，英镑短期利率上升，日元短期利率持平。主要国家中长期国债收益率上涨。主要股指振荡上涨。     

2013年4月银行间市场运行报告

2013年4月,银行间市场的主要运行特点是：货币市场利率大幅冲高回落;债券代持风波冲击债市．国债短期收益率小幅上行;互换利率总体下行,短端跌幅明显;在人民币对美元中间价强势升值的带动下,人民币对美元交易汇率持续升值,并创下历史新高;汇率衍生品市场交易保持活跃,衍生品汇率隐含的人民币贬值预期有所缩小。     

中国股债市场长期动态相关性的影响因素研究——基于宏观不确定性和协动性视角

本文借鉴现代宏观经济学中的无套利仿射模型,基于"定价核"的定价方式,将股票市场和债券市场收益率之间的相关系数分解为其主要驱动因素--通货膨胀、真实利率和股息率的不确定性,以及三者之间的协方差。在实证部分,采用DCC-MGARCH模型计算股票市场和债券市场收益率的动态相关系数,验证中国股债相关性的时变规则;进而通过回归分析探究所选取的解释变量对中国股债相关性的贡献。结果表明,通货膨胀和股息率的不确定性以及真实利率与通货膨胀和股息率各自之间的协动性是影响这种相关性的主要因素;通胀冲击、真实利率和股息率可以解释这种相关性与长期动态的暂时背离。其中,通货膨胀和股息率的不确定性对股债相关性的影响与其他欧美主要经济体有着不同的表现,反映了中国市场的特殊性;此外,相较于中国经济市场的平稳时期,股市动荡期间各经济因素的影响会发生改变,且模型解释力会降低。