文学欣赏课要充分发挥学生的自主性

仁者见仁,智者见智,对文学作品的欣赏不能千篇一律。在课堂上,老师要充分发挥学生的自主性,引导学生提出自己的独特的见;解。发挥学生的自主性首先要转变学习理念,从"被学习"转为"要学习";其次要创新教学方法,由灌输变为引导;最后要包容不同观点,由"必须"转为"如果"。     

A Western Australian Test of Invariant Factorial Structure in the Work Autonomy Scale Between Managerial and Non-Managerial Employee Classifications

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the conceptualisation of work autonomy through an investigation of the factorial structure stability of the Global Work Autonomy Scale at different employee levels. After administering the Global Work Autonomy Scale (Breaugh, 1985) to employees in a public sector organisation, analysis of responses confirmed an a priori three-factor model of work autonomy (method autonomy, scheduling autonomy and criteria autonomy) in a group of non-managerial employees (n = 193). A subsequent multi-sample analysis was conducted to test the invariance of the three-factor model for a group of managerial employees (n = 205). After constraining factor loadings and factor covariances, the hypothesised model continued to provide a reasonable fit to the data, confirming the generalisability of the three-factor model to both employee classifications. The methodological and theoretical implications for research into work autonomy are discussed.     

Decentralizing Indonesian City Spaces as New ‘Centers’

Since the introduction of regional autonomy legislation in 1999, Indonesia has embarked on the world's biggest experiment with democratic decentralization. The intertwined processes of democratization and decentralization have dismantled Indonesia's centralized authoritarian system and reordered its governmental structures. These conjoined processes have set in motion conditions for the transformation of a number of Indonesia's secondary cities into regional ‘centers’ through the influx of new peoples, funding and ways of interacting within localized contexts and with the outside world. In this article I consider Indonesia's decentralization processes through the lens of the city, focusing on three key areas in the rising profile and development of urban centers. First, I look at the framing of Indonesian cities within contemporary urban discourses to highlight the array of urban spaces that coexist in the era of decentralization. Second, I describe how Indonesia's decentralization laws have structurally privileged cities by bypassing the provincial level and devolving most state powers directly to sub‐provincial administrations. Third, I explore how Indonesian cities compete and cooperate over limited state resources under the decentralized system and why some cities have been able to reinvent themselves as new centers in planning, practice and innovation, and why others continue to lag behind.     

Performance Management: Perceiving Goals as Invariable and Implications for Perceived Job Autonomy and Work Performance

In this study, we investigated whether perceiving goals as invariable is negatively related to work performance and whether this relationship is mediated by perceived job autonomy. Perceiving goals as invariable refers to the extent to which employees believe that the goals in a performance management system represent absolute standards that they must meet without exception, even if they think other factors are more important (e.g., situational factors or factors that are not associated with goals). In support of our hypotheses, we found a negative relationship between perceiving goals as invariable and work performance and that perceived job autonomy mediated this relationship. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Social welfare,corruption and credibility

Abstract

Economic development requires that investments by entrepreneurs are not subject to expropriation by government. Unfortunately, public agencies often serve as the instruments by which political elites engage in corruption and extracting rents from the economy. The question is how to design institutions that credibly commit to a stable system of guarantees of property rights and contract enforcement.

Principal agent theory and the new public management favor greater accountability of public managers to elected officials or eliminating public agencies through privatization. We argue for institutional designs that provide a degree of public agency autonomy. We show that public agency autonomy is a by-product of the competition between elites in democracies with multiple veto players. We show that transparency, professionalism, and legality help ensure that public managers do not engage in rent-extraction. The institutional design problem is how to induce public managers to serve the public interest without being fully responsive to elected political officials.     

Build Coalitions to Fit: Autonomy Expectations,Competence Mobilization,and Job Crafting

Job crafting offers several beneficial organizational outcomes, yet little is known about what makes employees engage in it. In particular, the role of leaders in influencing their subordinates to engage in job crafting has been insufficiently studied. Drawing on role theory, we suggest that the congruence of leader‐subordinate autonomy expectations nurtures subordinates’ experiences of having their competences adequately utilized in their jobs. This experience, which involves the competence mobilization of their work roles, subsequently fosters subordinates’ engagement in job‐crafting behavior. A two‐stage field study of 145 leader‐subordinate dyads using cross‐level polynomial regression and response surface analysis supported the (in)congruence hypotheses. The results also demonstrated that subordinates’ perceived competence mobilization mediates the relationship between autonomy expectation (in)congruence and job crafting. In addition, leader coalition as a moderator strengthens the effect of perceived competence mobilization as a psychological condition for job crafting. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大学英语自主学习能力与沉默现象关系的实证研究

本研究探讨大学英语课堂沉默与大学生自主学习能力的相关性。研究结果发现,大学英语课堂沉默与大学生自主学习能力呈正相关。改善大学英语课堂沉默现象必须以培养大学生自主学习能力为前提。     

Self‐Determined Feedback Seeking: The Role of Perceived Supervisor Autonomy Support

We use self‐determination theory (SDT) as a framework for investigating how perceived autonomy‐supportive supervision positively influences conditions that motivate newcomer subordinates to engage in feedback seeking. Based on data collected from MBA interns at two time periods, perceived autonomy support predicted task autonomy, informal supervisor feedback, and subordinate relationship building, and the latter two mediated the relationship between autonomy support and feedback seeking. Our study provides an SDT perspective on newcomer socialization by highlighting the important role supervisor support for autonomy can play in motivating feedback seeking as a proactive socialization tactic. Organizations and human resources management professionals should consider including training around autonomy support in supervisory training programs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

It Takes Three to Tango: Exploring the Interplay among Training Intensity,Job Autonomy,and Supervisor Support in Predicting Knowledge Sharing

This study explored whether the relationship between perceived training intensity and knowledge sharing is prone to combined moderating influences. We operationalized perceived training intensity as a challenge stressor, in accordance with the challenge‐hindrance framework of work stressors. The results of a study of 129 employees from three Norwegian service industries revealed a positive relationship between perceived training intensity and supervisor‐rated knowledge sharing for employees reporting high levels of perceived job autonomy and high levels of perceived supervisor support. In contrast, we found a negative relationship between perceived training intensity and supervisor‐rated knowledge sharing for employees reporting high levels of perceived job autonomy and low levels of perceived supervisor support. These findings suggest that supervisors are of vital importance in facilitating knowledge sharing among employees in settings where developmental challenges are prevalent and perceptions of job autonomy are high. Implications for future research and practice are also discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Autonomy as a key resource for women in low gender egalitarian countries: A cross‐cultural examination

Relying on Conservation of Resources theory and a sample of 23,439 workers in 26 countries, we develop and test a multilevel moderated mediation of the effects of perceived job autonomy on work–life balance, engagement, and turnover intentions, depending on employee gender and country‐level gender egalitarianism (GE), and indirectly through stress. We find that perceived job autonomy relates to these outcomes indirectly through stress such that these effects are stronger for women in lower GE countries compared with women in higher GE countries and are not significant for men. Practical implications for engaging and retaining global female talent are discussed.     

Interaction styles of street-level workers and motivation of clients: a new instrument to assess discretion-as-used in the case of activation of jobseekers

This paper proposes a re-conceptualization and a measurement instrument for street-level workers’ interaction styles. Interaction styles are a relevant lens giving insight into how discretion is used and how street-level behaviour affects clients’ motivation and engagement. The re-conceptualization builds on a revision of May and Winter's interaction style concept from the perspective of the psychological self-determination theory. Data from 349 caseworkers of the Flemish employment service were collected via an online survey and analysed with factor and latent class analysis. Findings support a four-dimensional interaction style concept and reveal seven types of caseworkers along these dimensions.     

关于永煤集团应对经济危机的分析与探讨

对全球性经济危机形势下的永煤集团进行了分析,并对企业如何应对经济危机进行了探讨。     

浅谈我国应对金融危机的政策建议

随着全球经济一体化趋势的日渐明显,资本的国际流动和国际资本市场对于中国经济发展的重要性日益突出,但与之相伴的金融风险也越来越大。作为发展中国家——中国如何应对这种挑战,趋利避害是摆在中国金融界和政府面前的一项重要课题。     

房地产公司应对房地产周期策略研究

本文经过阐述房地产市场的周期波动特点,针对房地产企业如何通过资本动作、土地储备、业务组合的经营策略应对房地产市场的周期性波动规律进行探讨。     

Coping with stress in emergency department physicians through improved patient-flow management

This paper provides a method for the real-time monitoring of job stress in emergency department (ED) physicians. It is implemented in a Decision Support System (DSS) designed for patient-to-physician assignment after triage. Our concept of job stress includes not only the workload but also time pressure and uncertainty. A job stress function is estimated based on the consensus views of ED physicians obtained through a novel methodology involving stress factor analysis, questionnaire design, and the statistical analysis of expert opinions. The resulting stress score enables the assessment of job stress using workload data from the ED physicians’ whiteboard. These data can be used for the real-time measurement and monitoring of ED physician job stress in a stochastic and dynamic environment, which is the main novelty of this method as compared to previous workload and stress measurement proposals. A further advantage of this methodology is that it is general enough to be adapted to physician job stress monitoring in any ED. The use of the DSS for ED patient-flow management reduces job stress and spreads it more evenly among the whole team of physicians, while also improving other important ED performance measures such as arrival-to-provider time and the percentage of compliance with patient waiting time targets. A case study illustrates the application of the methodology for the construction of a stress-score, the monitoring of physician stress levels, and ED patient-flow management.     

应对不确定性：危机传播管理的博弈与创新

现代危机具有的不确定性让危机传播面临更大的挑战,不确定性越大,危机就越来越难以被预测,社会管理者就失去了观测和制定传播计划的主要依据,这令作为公共危机传播管理者的政府经常面临两难选择。危机的不确定性很大一部分来源于媒体融合环境的不确定性,这使现代危机传播的整个过程也变得不确定。政府作为现代危机传播者,必须对危机传播过程中的不确定性有充分的认识,在危机传播和应对的过程中灵活博弈,把握传播机会,创新传播方法。     

认知策略与企业女性压力应对

企业女性承受着自身、家庭、企业及社会带来的压力。认知策略有助于企业女性理性评估压力,合理归因压力,有效应对压力,建立主体意识,平衡工作-家庭角色冲突,通过社会和企业实现自身价值,和谐发展,幸福生活。     

新形势下城乡规划应对空间发展问题的策略探析

时代进步社会变迁,中国城乡面貌日新月异的同时逐渐面临严峻的空间发展问题.首先探讨了城乡规划面临的空间发展问题及产生原因,并归纳总结了国家应对战略所体现的四个基本思路:区域城乡空间协调发展、节约集约利用资源、保护耕地和保障生态安全格局;并对实现国家战略意图的三大主要空间规划进行对比分析,明确了城乡规划的功能定位;最后以此...     

Coping with functional collective action dilemma: functional fragmentation and administrative integration

ABSTRACT

Functional fragmentation among city departments has been a critical public administration problem in practice and theory. This paper investigates the political and administrative motivations for the reform from functionally fragmented water governance model towards an integrative agency design. Drawing on the Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework and the literature on bureaucratic structures, we hypothesize that cities’ decisions for administrative reform are influenced by different types of transactions costs incurred in the negotiation process among local agencies. Empirical results of this study provide strong support for the transaction cost hypotheses on the roles of bargaining cost, enforcement cost, and information cost.     

快速城市化地区跨行政边界的城市增长模式探析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,快速城市化地区面临的土地资源稀缺问题日益突出,在一些行政单元之间的边界区,正逐渐形成新的增长极,产生新的增长模式.将跨行政边界的土地开发和利用等新增长模式划分为市场主导、政府主导和市场与政府互动等类型,并选择相应的典型案例,分析不同动力机制下的参与主体、开发特征和效果等.认为市场与政府互动,解决各利益群体之间的协调问题是促进边界区资源合理配置和协调发展的重要方式.