钉住货币篮子汇率制度在中国应用的研究

主要研究货币篮子的定义,如何确定货币篮子的最优权重,并在此基础上运用协整检验的方法实证分析了我国自2005年7月汇率改革以来人民币货币篮子的运行情况。实证的结果表明,在我们所考察的样本区间内,当人民币篮子货币对美元实际汇率贬值(或升值)1%时,人民币对美元的实际汇率只贬值(或升值)0.32%,表明美元在人民币货币篮子中所占权重较大,人民币对美元的汇率仍缺乏弹性。     

参考一篮子货币的人民币汇率形成机制研究——基于人民币有效汇率目标的分析

文章主要研究如何建立参考一篮子货币的汇率制度,首先分析了人民币对美元汇率、人民币对非美元货币和人民币有效汇率之间的关系。其次研究了从人民币钉住美元货币汇率向参考一篮子货币汇率制度(人民币有效汇率目标)的过渡,以及建立一篮子货币汇率机制的方法和实证模拟研究,并考察了人民币汇率的波动幅度。最后文章认为人民币汇率制度的市场化改革是我国汇率体制改革的最终目标,并给出了本文的主要结论。     

Possible Best Currency Basket Selection from the Perspective of Real Effective Exchange Rate

We calculated the real effective exchange rate indexes and measured their volatilities based on four currency baskets to find which currency basket is optimal for achieving China's policy target of keeping exchange rates stable. The volatility of the bilateral exchange rate between the RMB and the US dollar is also calculated to make a comparative analysis. Results showed that the bilateral exchange rate of the RMB and the US dollar is only stable in special time periods. In most time periods, pegging to the G3 currency basket is optimal to achieve the goal of stabilizing exchange rates while pegging to the AMU currency basket will result in the most volatile exchange rates.     

人民币汇率制度:现状、近期选择与改革操作

本文运用钉住一篮子货币汇率制的数学模型对人民币均衡汇率和汇率失调程度进行了实证研究,重点讨论了货币篮子的目标设定和权重选择等问题,模拟了1994～2004年钉住一篮子货币汇率制下的人民币均衡汇率.模型结果表明,1994年以来,人民币名义汇率在大部分时期偏离模拟均衡汇率轨迹,表现为人民币汇率的失调.其中,1997～1998年为人民币汇率高估时期,1999年往后的时期人民币汇率转为明显的低估,尤以2002年最为严重,而且低估程度有进一步扩大的趋势.本文给出的政策含义是,就近一阶段而言,人民币采用钉住一篮子货币汇率制是一种现实且合理的选择.     

真实汇率与真实利率差异——基于人民币真实汇率的实证研究

本文详细考察了人民币对美元、日元、港币和欧元的双边真实汇率、真实利率差异与进出口之间的统计关系，结果发现：（1）人民币真实汇率与真实利率差异间不存在显著且稳定的统计关系；（2）人民币真实汇率具有较强的“自回归”性，并且存在比较明显的非线性动态调整特征。因此，研究人民币真实汇率自身的特定生成机制可能更具有重要意义。     

The Effects of Foreign Currency Derivatives on the Monetary Policy Exchange Rate Channel in China

This paper examines changes in the monetary policy exchange rate channel in the presence of foreign currency derivatives (FCD) markets in China. Initially a theoretical macroeconomics model incorporating the exchange rate risk hedging is presented, and this is followed by an empirical test. A theoretical model implies that with more firms using foreign currency derivatives to hedge the exchange rate risk, the effect of the exchange rate on the net exports will be weaker and may even be reversed. The empirical section uses Structure Vector Autoregression (SVAR) models with China's monthly macro data over the 2000–2013 period to assess the impact of the FCD market on the exchange rate channel. Empirical support for the changes in the exchange rate channel transmission is found. By impulse response function (IRF) analysis, with the emergence of the domestic FCD market in China, in the long run the probability becomes higher that the negative effect of RMB appreciation on China's net exports to the US is reversed; meanwhile the negative effects of RMB appreciation on the overall net exports and the net exports to the EU become gradually weaker on average.     

The Appreciation Pressure on RMB Yuan and the Adjustment of RMB Exchange Rate Policy

China has maintained RMB exchange rate nearly unchanged since 1998. However, with the relaxation of capital control, a crawling peg, a more flexible RMB exchange rate regime, is inevitable. Based on improving the current formation mechanism of RMB exchange rate, Chinese government could widen the floating band around the central parity; in the long run, switching the peg from USD alone to a basket of currencies may be a better choice.     

Altered bank and exchange volatility

This paper examines the behaviour of the Czech crown's exchange rate when pegged to a currency basket. The peg is supposed to limit the overall instability of the currency. The GARCH(1,1) model with a dummy variable for the volatility response is used to account for a change in the width of the fluctuation band. The results of this paper show that volatility of the exchange rate decreased after a much wider fluctuation band was introduced to limit movements of the currency basket index.     

汇率预期与贸易收支的实证研究——以我国家用视听类贸易为例

贸易与汇率关系理论难以对人民币升值背景下我国贸易顺差急剧扩大的现象给出令人信服的解释。本文利用凯恩斯主义的国际收支分析思路,结合我国人民币不能完全自由兑换和人民币汇率制度改革的现实,将汇率预期变量引入贸易收支模型,对主要家用视听产品的对外贸易进行实证分析,从一个新的视角研究预期人民币升值对我国贸易收支的影响。     

汇率制度能影响外汇市场压力和央行干预吗

按照Stavarek（2007）的方法和标准,分别计算了2002年1月到2011年12月期间人民币对美元的外汇市场压力及中央银行干预指数。结果显示,人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度与盯住美元的汇率制度相比,不仅没有减轻外汇市场压力,反而加大了外汇干预压力。汇率制度不是影响外汇市场压力的决定因素,但不同的汇率制度却对我国央行外汇市场干预程度产生了较大的影响。在人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度下,央行干预程度明显降低,汇率决定的市场化程度相应提高。     

人民币汇率升值:历史回顾、动力机制与前景展望

本文回顾了人民币汇率升值的历史进程,剖析了人民币汇率升值的动力机制,并对人民币汇率升值的前景进行了展望。无论从1994年汇率并轨还是从2005年央行重启汇率改革至今,人民币对美元名义汇率以及人民币有效汇率均经历了显著的升值过程。从利率平价、购买力平价、贸易余额与劳动生产率增速等短、中、长期维度来看,人民币对美元汇率依然存在一定的升值动力。下一阶段人民币对美元汇率走势取决于汇率政策制定过程中的博弈。考虑到贸易顺差、短期国际资本流动、输入性通胀与外部压力等因素的消长,下一阶段人民币对美元汇率的升值幅度有望显著放缓(由之前的年均5%～7%放缓至年均2%～3%),并伴随着人民币对美元汇率波动幅度的明显放大。     

贸易结算货币的新选择:稳定的篮子货币——对“金砖五国”货币合作的探讨

文章研究"金砖五国"货币合作的可能形式,构建了稳定的篮子货币作为贸易结算货币,为货币合作提供政策建议。文章首先考察了汇率之间的关系,认为一种货币的加权几何平均汇率能够消除不同货币表示币值的差异,在此基础上构建了篮子货币指数;其次研究了篮子货币波动最小的货币权重的选取,通过最优化方法获得最优权重;最后模拟计算了"金砖五国"篮子货币的权重,并探讨了如何把篮子货币最优权重转化为具体的货币篮子,同时给出了篮子货币和各国货币之间的汇率关系。     

Bi‐currency versus Single‐currency Targeting: Lessons from the Russian Experience

This paper examines how the 2005 shift in Russian exchange rate policy from US dollar (USD) single‐currency to USD–EUR (euro) bi‐currency targeting has impacted domestic interest rates. The finding show that this policy shift has disconnected Russian interest rates from US dollar‐denominated interest rates, while instead linking them to a synthetic interest rate composed of USD and EUR rates at the same proportion as that of these two currencies in the currency basket against which the ruble's exchange rate is set. The Russian experience shows that while the adoption of bi‐currency targeting may help ensure that domestic interest rates are less dependent on the monetary cycle of a single country, these rates are instead likely to reflect financial developments in all countries whose currencies are included in the currency basket. This insight is likely to be relevant for other countries that pursue basket‐targeting policies.     

人民币成为区域主导货币的实证研究——基于汇率视角的考察

从历史和现实的视角看,如果说布雷顿森林体系的崩溃导致了欧洲货币体系的形成和欧元的诞生,那么美国金融危机引发的国际货币动荡正在使东亚各国脱离美元本位,寻找区域内稳定的货币锚,而人民币则有可能成为东亚区域内首选的货币锚。本文拟从多边汇率相互影响的视角出发,实证分析人民币汇率变动态势及其与东亚其他货币之间联动关系的变化(包括其它国际货币汇率的变动对东亚其它货币之间关系变化的比较),从而揭示人民币成为区域锚货币、成为区域主导货币的可能性及其途径、进而了解人民币经济区形成的条件和趋势。     

汇率决定中的货币替代——以中国相关数据验证

在考虑汇率的影响因素时,传统的汇率决定理论主要是从一国的宏观基本因素进行分析.随着经济全球化的出现,货币的跨国流动规模越来越大,货币替代现象日益严重,对汇率的干扰也越来越强.本文在货币分析法的基础上加入货币替代因素,建立了一个简单的分析框架,并运用我国的相关数据对此进行检验,证实货币替代确实对汇率产生了很大的影响.     

The internal and external equilibrium exchange rate of RMB: 1982–2010

This paper estimates fundamental equilibrium exchange rate of RMB based on internal and external balance of China’s economy. The findings indicate that RMB real exchange rate is overvalued in the period of 1982–1991, but the extent of the undervaluation has an enlarging trend since 2004. Then, we put forward a new theory called “Prior Equilibrium Exchange Rate” and apply it to RMB, finding that real effective exchange rate of RMB need to be appreciated about 20% between 2008 and 2010, and the appreciation range of bilateral nominal exchange rate between RMB and the world’s key currencies depends on the objective functions of the government. Policy implication indicates that decision makers need to refer to equilibrium exchange rate which is derived from different theories and to make great efforts to adjust it towards equilibrium level and establish RMB “Prior Equilibrium Exchange Rate.” Meanwhile, policymakers should implement a potential objective interval system of exchange rate appreciation. The appreciation range of bilateral exchange rate of RMB against USD from 2008 to 2010 may be set between 6% to 10%.     

“汇改”后人民币汇率制度分析

自2005年7月21日人民币汇率形成机制进行重大改革以来,人民币对美元的基准汇率一直处于单边升值的态势.从宏观经济特征和模型实证分析中可以得出,虽然"汇改"后人民币货币篮子发挥了一定的作用,人民币汇率的灵活性在逐渐增强,但主要还是参考美元汇率来进行调节,属于"软钉住美元的汇率制度".     

竞争力平价与人民币均衡汇率研究

传统的汇率决定理论认为，一国货币汇率的衡水平是由购买力平价、利率平价和货币相对供求等决定的。大多数实证研究表明，这些均衡汇率理论只是强调单一因素，同现实相距甚远。本文构建了多因素国际竞争力平价模型，认为均衡实际汇率随着国际竞争力的相对变化而变化，国际竞争力相对提高，该国货币升值，反之则反之。本文利用主成分分析法，从影响人民币汇率的多因素中构造国际竞争力这个指标，实证研究表明人民币实际有效汇率与国际竞争力之间存在协整关系，然后再基于这个协整关系式计算人民币的均衡实际有效汇率，并据以判断人民币汇率偏离均衡水平的程度。     

人民币汇率形成机制缺陷及改革取向

现行人民币汇率形成机制的市场化程度在不断提高,但参考一篮子货币调节规则不透明、汇率浮动区间狭窄等问题,仍然影响着汇率生成的市场基础。本文试图通过分析金融危机对人民币汇率机制形成的影响,提出在金融危机背景下,进一步提高人民币汇率形成的市场化机制,采取盯住一篮子货币、加强区域货币合作、改变外汇市场交易主体结构、适当扩大汇率浮动幅度、完善外汇市场干预方式等政策措施是金融危机下人民币汇率机制的改革取向。     

基于随机贴现因子的人民币与新台币汇率定价

基于随机贴现因子定价理论,采用无套利定价法,推导出人民币与新台币的即期汇率与随机贴现因子、远期汇率之间的关系,并利用人民币和新台币的无本金交割远期外汇作为远期汇率,对人民币与新台币的即期汇率进行定价。实证研究结果显示,人民币与新台币的汇率主要受中国大陆地区和台湾地区的股票市场和债券市场波动的影响。用本文模型定价模拟的即期汇率与真实汇率的变动趋势较为一致,这表明本文模型可为人民币与新台币之间的双向直接兑换提供依据,进而有助于建立两岸货币清算机制。