“迪斯尼”跨文化营销经验的启示

一、国际营销中文化环境的影响因素分析 进入21世纪，经济全球化为企业跨国经营带来了巨大的发展空间。中国作为世界贸易组织的成员国，将有更多的机会参与国际市场竞争，产品市场的国际化程度将成为衡量企业成功与发展的重要标志。而在国际营销活动中，文化环境是极其重要而又容易被忽视的因素，文化差异往往成为国际贸易的无形壁垒。国际性杂志《电子世界》曾就“什么是全球市场经营的最大障碍”这个问题在全球范围内向国际营销人员询问。在所得到回答的结论中，国际文化差异被列在榜首。许多有实力的公司在国际营销中失利，其主要原因不在于资本和技术，而是缺乏对当地文化的理解，忽视了文化差异对营销的影响。因此，对文化的差异性及其对国际营销各个环节的影响加以分析，有效实施跨文化营销，减少文化环境中的不确定性因素，从而获得国际营销的成功。     

Hofstede跨文化比较研究的新进展及管理实践应用

随着世界经济一体化进程的加快,企业不但要面对国际经营中遇到文化差异难题,同时也会面对组织内部的跨文化管理问题。文章对Hofstede教授的跨文化比较理论及其最新研究成果——第六维度"宽容与约束"进行了阐述,重点介绍了该理论在管理实践中的应用,希望对企业的跨文化管理提供可资借鉴的参考。     

基于组织文化的EVA价值管理模式研究

采用Geert Hofstede的文化测度模型从权利差距感、不确定性规避、个人主义/集体主义倾向和男性度/女性度四个维度来分析我国中央企业的文化特征,通过企业文化物质层、行为层、制度层和理念层四个层面试图构建我国中央企业EVA价值管理文化体系.     

京沪穗三地消费文化透视

北京、上海和广州历来是商家必争之地,如何成功占领三 地市场,无疑是商家最伤脑筋的问题。我们知道,一个地区的消 费观念、消费文化和当地的大文化环境息息相关,因此,研究京 沪穗三地文化现象,对商业运营具有非常重要的指导意义。 文化是一个广泛的概念范畴,谈到城市文化差异,在此一 一列举是不现实的。因此,我们尝试从以下四个维度进行比较:     

中国跨国公司的跨文化管理分析

经济全球化发展使越来越多的企业在跨文化环境中从事经营活动。跨国企业的成功通常在很大程度上依赖于企业管理多元文化的能力。中国跨国企业逐渐走入海外市场,所面临的文化差异也越来越多,文化差异给跨国经营带来了优势,但也带来了巨大的风险。在本国化、区域化与全球化之间,在母国文化与东道国文化之间,寻求一种适度的跨文化平衡,已经成为中国企业在竞争中取胜的关键。     

不同文化背景下的公司薪酬战略探讨

本文以霍夫斯泰德的四文化衡量维度,作为研究的依据。在分析不同文化模式下薪酬战略选择的基础上,选取中、日、美三国所代表的文化为研究样本,对这三种不同文化模式下的薪酬战略,进行了详细的对比分析。由此提出国内跨国公司要提高薪酬政策的有效性,就需要关注公司内部的多元文化和文化差异。     

中国跨国公司的跨文化管理分析

经济全球化发展使越来越多的企业在跨文化环境中从事经营活动.跨国企业的成功通常在很大程度上依赖于企业管理多元文化的能力.中国跨国企业逐渐走入海外市场,所面临的文化差异也越来越多,文化差异给跨国经营带来了优势,但也带来了巨大的风险.在本国化、区域化与全球化之间,在母国文化与东道国文化之间,寻求一种适度的跨文化平衡,已经成为中国企业在竞争中取胜的关键.     

中国跨国公司的跨文化管理分析

经济全球化发展使越来越多的企业在跨文化环境中从事经营活动。跨国企业的成功通常在很大程度上依赖于企业管理多元文化的能力。中国跨国企业逐渐走入海外市场，所面临的文化差异也越来越多，文化差异给跨国经营带来了优势，但也带来了巨大的风险。在本国化、区域化与全球化之间，在母国文化与东道国文化之间，寻求一种适度的跨文化平衡，已经成为中国企业在竞争中取胜的关键。     

试论企业跨国经营中的文化管理

随着全球经济一体化,跨国经营已成为在全球化经济的重要内容,然而各国的文化差异在跨国经营中必然导致各种文化的冲突,尤其对中国的跨国经营,化解文化冲突已成为首要问题.本文中就如何理解文化差异、跨文化培训提出了一些观点,对正在从事企业跨国经营的发展有一定的借鉴意义.     

浅谈中西文化差异对我国国际贸易的影响及应对策略

随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展,跨国经营已经成为企业融入全球经济的必要途径。自中国成功加入到世界贸易组织以来,我国的国际贸易和对外交往愈加频繁,中国已逐渐成为世界经济中的一位重要成员,成为世界贸易技术合作和投资的热点。在这种大规模的跨国经济活动中,随着贸易交往的深入进行,不同国家、不同民族的特殊文化背景越来越凸显,中西方文化所存在的差异对我国国际贸易的影响也慢慢显现出来。本文通过对中西文化的差异进行比较分析,引领读者了解这些文化差异对跨国贸易的不利影响,并且提出了：有效利用文化差异来发展我国对外贸易的办法和对策。     

中国企业跨国经营中的文化整合——基于区位因素的分析

中国对外投资的日益增长,将使中国与世界的经济交往突破以贸易为主导的现行模式,逐步转向以投资加跨国经营为特征的新模式。在很多跨国投资与经营的案例中,尽管技术、市场、生产、财务等方面的整合非常成功,但由于双方在价值观、行为规范和思维方式等文化上的碰撞与冲突,整个项目的进程受到影响,甚至有时会导致项目的彻底失败。因而,文化整合是跨国经营的关键所在,而在整合过程中,区位因素又成为文化整合的出发点。同时,在企业跨国经营的文化整合中,要想与世界文化相融合并不断输出中国的文化,就不能忽视语言沟通的重要作用。     

Quantitative and Dynamic Analysis of the Oli Variables Determining Fdi in China

The main determinants of foreign direct investment in China are analyzed quantitatively and dynamically based on Dunning's eclectic theory and empirical models corresponding to location-specific advantages, ownership-specific advantages and internalization advantage. More specifically, the correlation between each OLI variable and FDI is tested and explained in detail. It is concluded that monopolistic advantages of technology and management experience of foreign investors along with China's low labor cost and great market potential might be important factors attracting FDI in China. In addition, using an internal market to establish a network of international production might also be an important determinant for foreigners to directly invest in China. Others might include searching for attractive yields available in equity investment, devaluation of the Chinese currency, distance, culture and global business strategies.     

The Valuation Differential between Class A and B Shares: Country Risk in the Chinese Stock Market

The Chinese stock market has been characterized by a strict segmentation between domestic and foreign investors, with listed companies issuing Class A shares to domestic, and Class B shares to foreign, investors, respectively. Entitled to the same rights and obligations, however, the two classes of shares are traded at significantly different prices. The valuation differential is attributable to the different sets of investment opportunities available to domestic versus foreign investors and their risk tolerance. Foreign investors would require a higher rate of return to adjust for the country‐specific risk related to the Chinese stock market. The country risk of China can be decomposed into political risk, exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and market risk. Empirical tests provide strong evidence to support the decomposition model, showing the political risk of China as an important component.     

Foreign Participation in Housing Development in Mainland China: Legal Concerns on Property Ownership

Since the economic reform in the 198Os, real property development, especially in the housing sector, has become one of the major economic activities in mainland China. Housing development was commercialized initially for the overseas market, particularly for the Chinese emigrants, as foreign capital was much needed. Under the new socialist market economy, a clear legal definition is still to be established for ownership of real property, which is a crucial issue for any real property development. This paper critically reviews the evolving concept of property ownership and evaluates the major pieces of legislation that govern participation of foreign investors in "commodity units" housing development. A critical evaluation highlights the legal concerns that hinder foreign involvement in "commodity unit" housing development.     

Firm Characteristics and the Pricing of Foreign Earnings of US Multinational Firms

Prior research finds a positive relation between current changes in foreign earnings of USmultinational firms and future stock returns. The cause of this relation is either (1) investors' mispricing of securities by underestimating the persistence of foreign earnings or (2) research design misspecifications (e.g., the researcher failing to control for cross‐sectional differences in risk). The purpose of this study is to determine which of these two competing explanations is more likely. If the anomalous results are due to market mispricing, then the anomalous results should be more pronounced for firms that are followed by fewer well‐informed, sophisticated investors and for firms that have foreign earnings that are more persistent than domestic earnings. If the anomaly is related to research design misspecification, then the existence of the anomaly is not expected to vary across these firm characteristics. The results are more consistent with the market mispricing hypothesis. Predicting the existence of the foreign earnings anomaly based on these firm‐specific characteristics increases our understanding of the true nature of the anomaly. In addition, relating the foreign earnings anomaly to firm‐specific characteristics provides relevant information to investors for firm valuation and helps to promote future academic research in the market's valuation of multinational firms' operations.     

Doing Business in Vietnam

Abstract

As Vietnam opens up its economy through a series of economic reforms, entrepreneurs from both Western and Asian economies are flocking to the country to share in its rapid growth. In view of the growing foreign interest in conducting businesses in Vietnam, this paper attempts to provide an overview of the political, economic and business environments in the country. Although the country is full of opportunities, it may pose several problems and challenges to new players as well. Thus, this paper will further discuss the possible investment issues and challenges facing foreign companies which are considering venturing into Vietnam. Some cultural characteristics and operating rules during business interactions in Vietnam are discussed. Common mistakes committed by foreign companies entering the country are also highlighted. It is hoped that this paper will provide an in-depth understanding of the Vietnamese business environment and help improve the likelihood of the successful venture performance of international investors, thus benefiting both the foreign investor and the growth of Vietnam in the global marketplace.     

Foreign Equity Ownership and Information Asymmetry: Evidence from Japan

Using a large sample of Japanese firms, we investigate whether the level of foreign ownership in a firm is inversely related to information asymmetry between firm (managers) and market (outside investors). Since information asymmetry is not directly observable and, thus, is difficult to measure empirically, our analysis focuses on the link between foreign shareholding and a measurable consequence of information asymmetry; that is, the timing and magnitude of intertemporal return‐earnings associations. The empirical results support our hypothesis, and subsequent tests based on residual foreign ownership show that the relation between foreign ownership and information asymmetry is robust to the addition of various control variables such as market capitalization and cross‐corporate holdings. We also show that foreign investors tend to avoid stocks with high cross‐corporate holdings. Overall, our results suggest that foreign (institutional) investors are likely to be efficient processors of public information and are attracted to Japanese firms with low information asymmetry.     

Networks vs. market methods in high-tech venture fundraising: the impact of institutional environment

This study examines how institutional environmental factors, including cultural norm, state regulatory system and venture capital market, influence the high-tech entrepreneur's choice for using network vs. market methods when approaching prospective investors at the early stage of their new venture creation. We collected comparative data through on-site interviews and questionnaire survey with 128 high-tech entrepreneurs in Singapore (a newly industrialised economy) and 250 in Beijing, China (an emerging economy). Our findings suggest that a culture emphasising the value of social obligation, the under-development of the legal/regulatory system and the immaturity of the venture capital market increased the proclivity of entrepreneurs to use network methods. Moreover, entrepreneurs who value networks higher in social obligation than in information transfer are more likely to choose personal ties instead of business ties. This study enhances our understanding of how high-tech entrepreneurs in emerging economies choose between networks and market methods in venture fundraising, and offers suggestions on how public policy makers in these economies can improve the institutional environment of their regions to promote high-tech new venture creation.     

会计师事务所可持续发展策略研究

随着我国加入WTO和会计服务市场对外开放,我国会计师事务所面临发展机遇和严峻竞争并存的现实,如何在激烈的竞争中谋求自身的可持续发展,成为业内重要的研究课题。本文从执业环境治理、内部治理、组织形式选择、多元化经营战略、规模化战略、人才战略、品牌战略、关系营销战略、国际化战略等方面,对我国会计师事务的可持续发展策略进行了探讨。     

基于文化差异视角的中西方公司治理比较研究

从文化差异的角度探讨中西方公司治理的不同理念或不同模式,为中国公司治理制度改革提供依据。论文首先基于公司治理阐述中西方文化差异的根源;随后分别阐述以英美为代表的西方文化背景和中国文化背景下的公司治理模式;最后结合中西方公司治理改革实践,提出中国公司治理模式与自身文化相适应的策略。