共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Richard Ready Ståle Navrud Brett Day Richard Dubourg Fernando Machado Susana Mourato Frank Spanninks Maria Xosé Vázquez Rodriquez 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2004,29(1):67-82
The benefits for specific health impacts related to air and water quality were measured in simultaneous contingent valuation surveys conducted in five different European countries. Consistent inter-country differences in willingness to pay to avoid ill health episodes could not be explained by measurable differences in individual characteristics. International transfer of unit values resulted in an average transfer error of 38%. Accounting for measurable differences among countries in health status, income and other demographic measures, either through ad hoc adjustments to the transferred values or through value function transfer, did not improve transfer performance. 相似文献
2.
This paper provides further empirical evidence of the validity of environmental benefits transfer based on CV studies by expanding the analysis to include control factors which have not been accounted for in previous studies. These factors refer to differences in respondent attitudes. Traditional population characteristics were taken into account, but these variables do not explain why respondents from the same socio-economic group may still hold different beliefs, norms or values and hence have different attitudes and consequently state different WTP amounts. The test results are mixed. The function transfer approach is valid in one case, but is rejected in the 3 other cases investigated in this paper. We provide further evidence that in the case of statistically valid benefits transfer, the function approach results in a more robust benefits transfer than the unit value approach. We also show that the equality of coefficient estimates is a necessary, but insufficient condition for valid benefit function transfer and discuss the implications for previous and future validity testing. 相似文献
3.
Ståle Navrud 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2001,20(4):305-329
Health impacts make up asignificant portion of the damage costs fromair pollution. In lack of European valuationstudies on morbidity impacts, cost-benefitanalyses, transport and energy externalitystudies, and green accounting exercises inEurope have all used values from more than tenyear old US valuation studies. Results from anew Contingent Valuation study, using animproved version of the survey design of themost transferred US morbidity study, show thatrespiratory symptom days and asthma attacks arevalued lower in Norway than in the US.Correction were made for differences inpurchase power between the two countries, butthe US values are still expressed in 1986dollar values; indicating that the differencebetween the two estimates could be even higher.Thus, the practise of transferring US estimatesand only adjusting the values with the consumerprice index could lead to highly biased valuesin the Norwegian case. The difference betweenthe US and Norwegian values can be explained byimproved CV survey and sample design, differentpreferences in Norway compared to the US, anddifferent public health care systems. We do notknow if we can generalise the results from thisNorwegian study to the rest of Europe, but thestudy clearly illustrates the uncertainty intransferring results from one country toanother. 相似文献
4.
Benefit transfer, as a mean to transfer values from existing monetary valuation studies to new policy sites, has been in use for many years. This paper aims to analyze the forecasting quality of benefit transfer by applying a rigoroust-test – also referred to as Accuracy-t-test – that takes into account testing errors which were made in previous surveys. Beside the analysis of national benefit transfers based on two German contingent valuation studies additional efforts were made to investigate into the validity and accuracy of international benefit transfer by considering two Norwegian studies that employed a similar survey design. 相似文献
5.
We estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the Olympics. The data are obtained from a contingent valuation study conducted through face-to-face interviews in June 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai prior to the Beijing Olympics, during which time there was intensive debate about Beijing's air quality. Residents in both cities are willing to pay more when they are more exposed to air pollution, when their disposable income increases, and when they have stronger beliefs that public opinion plays an important role in government policy making. Beijing residents are willing to pay more than Shanghai residents, due possibly to Beijing's poorer air quality. Overall, aggregate WTP for air quality improvement accounts for about 0.53% of the 2008 GDP in Beijing and 0.22% of the 2008 GDP in Shanghai. 相似文献
6.
Tzipi Eshet Mira G. Baron Mordechai Shechter 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(3):521-547
The benefit transfer method was developed as an alternative way to value externalities using values from studies of similar
circumstances, carried out at similar sites somewhere else, given the challenges and high costs inherent in assessing the
actual cost. Specifically, in order to test the performance of the benefit transfer method, employing hedonic price models,
this study focused on estimates of disamenities associated with waste transfer stations at four different cities in Israel.
The sites were intentionally selected to represent a variety of circumstances. We transferred the estimated benefit function
from a “study site” to a “policy site”. The goodness of fit was examined by comparing the calculated value, with actual data
from the policy site. To test the sensitivity of the benefit transfer function to socioeconomic and housing characteristics,
it was repeatedly applied to different sets of observations. The findings suggest that a relatively large number of alternative
benefit functions are transferable. Statistical inequality outcome regarding the degree of similarity between samples does
not unequivocally rule out the appropriateness of transferring environmental values across studies. Transfer errors varied
between −21% and +29%, and the absolute average error for all transfers was 15.4%. Errors were lower for transfer between
relatively similar cities in terms of size and location and between sub-samples that were similar in socioeconomic characteristics
and housing type. However, when a site with very dissimilar data was involved, the average absolute error rose to 19%. 相似文献
7.
Water quality in China has seriously deteriorated in recent years. However, very few valuation studies have been conducted to estimate the monetary values associated with water quality changes. As a result, the decision makers can hardly make rational choices with regard to investments in water quality improvement. This paper presents a valuation study conducted in Dali, Yunnan Province, which aims to estimate the total economic value of improving the water quality of Erhai Lake by one grade level. Both the contingent valuation method and the benefit transfer approach are employed in this study. The contingent valuation estimation strategy reveals that, on average, a household located in Dali is willing to pay about 27 yuan per month continuously for 5 years for the water quality improvement, equivalent to 1.7% of the household monthly income. The elasticity of willingness-to-pay with respect to income is estimated to be 0.28. The internal rate of economic return of the proposed pollution control project is estimated to be 13%. The benefit transfer exercise produces a similar estimation on willingness to pay (WTP) values, with a difference of less than 2% compared with the contingent valuation approach. The results indicate the potential reliability of using the benefit transfer approach for valuation estimations in Chinese provinces. 相似文献
8.
Eva Camacho-Cuena Aurora García-Gallego Nikolaos Georgantzís Gerardo Sabater-Grande 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2004,27(3):313-335
Using a within-subject experiment, we compare hypothetical andreal willingness to pay (WTP) for an improvement in therecyclability of a product. Subjects are faced with a real paymentscenario after they have responded to a hypothetical question.Contrary to most of the results obtained in similar studies, at apopulation level, there are no significant median differencesbetween actual and hypothetical stated values of WTP. However,within-subject comparisons between hypothetical and actual valuesindicate that subjects stating a low (high) hypothetical WTP tendto underestimate (overestimate) the value of their actualcontributions. 相似文献
9.
The Effect of Protest Votes on the Estimates of WTP for Use Values of Recreational Sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elisabetta Strazzera Margarita Genius Riccardo Scarpa George Hutchinson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2003,25(4):461-476
Contingent valuation studies are often characterized by a considerable number of protest responses, which may cause selectivity bias on the final estimates for WTP. Sample selection models can detect and – if necessary – correct selectivity bias. In economic applications where the relevant dependent variable is continuous, sample selection models are generally estimated using Heckman's 2-step method rather than the FIML estimator. Either method has its own drawback: computational complexity for the FIML method, susceptibility to collinearity problems for the 2-step method. Using data on valuation of forest resources for recreational use, we analyse the performance of the two estimators. In this application, given the presence of some collinearity, the FIML is preferred to the 2-step method. A procedure is outlined to deal with selectivity problems in similar settings. 相似文献
10.
This paper introduces a symposium on the issue of how stated preference (SP) research can best cope with ‘anomalies’ (i.e.
systematic deviations from the predictions of standard economic theory) in survey responses. It proposes a framework for constructive
debate, recognising (i) the legitimate aspirations of SP research, (ii) the relevance of evidence from sources other than
best-practice SP, and (iii) the precautionary value of investigating strategies for coping with suspected anomalies, even
if questions about the robustness of anomalies have not been finally resolved. Five alternative coping strategies, discussed
in more detail in the symposium, are briefly introduced.
JEL classifications: D61, D63, Q51 相似文献
11.
Bryan J. Hubbell 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2006,34(3):365-384
In recent years, there has been growing interest in cost-effectiveness analysis for environmental regulations using quality-adjusted life years as the measure of effectiveness. This paper explores the implications of the QALY approach for measuring the impacts of air pollution regulations, with an example using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Heavy Duty Engine/Diesel Fuel regulations. The paper also examines the issues surrounding the potential use of QALY measures in cost-benefit analysis for air pollution regulations. Key findings are that, compared with a cost-benefit approach, the QALY framework gives more weight to reductions in incidence of chronic disease relative to reductions in premature mortality risk, especially when the mortality risk reductions occur in older populations. In addition, use of monetized QALYs in cost-benefit analysis is not recommended, due to fundamental differences in the theoretical grounding of the different measures. However, application of monetized QALYs based on age-specific willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions gives very similar results to typical cost-benefit analysis for mortality risk reductions, as opposed to using values for QALYs based on non-age specific WTP. The paper concludes that in cases where mortality provide the majority of a regulation’s impacts, QALY based cost-effectiveness analysis and WTP based cost-benefit analysis may not differ in their conclusions. However, in cases where morbidity or non-health outcomes are significant, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis may result in different evaulations of the efficiency of the regulation. 相似文献
12.
Mordechai Shechter 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1991,1(2):129-155
The paper reports on a comparative study of direct and indirect approaches to valuing environmental amenities (i.e., public goods), specifically, air quality in terms of its human health effects. The application of three indirect valuation methods (via market goods) is reported here: the health production method, a consumer preferences (for nonmarket goods) model, and the cost of illness method. The first and second methods are (economic) behavior-based approaches where willingness to pay for an environmental good is derived by exploiting relationships in consumption between the public good and market good(s). The third method is based on a physical relationship—a dose-response function—between the environmental good and health. The direct valuation approach encompassed three contingent valuation elicitation formats: open-ended, modified iterative bidding game, and referenda-style binary choice. The application of all four methods was based on data from a survey of a large, stratified sample of households from the Haifa metropolitan area in northern Israel. The estimates of welfare change derived by the various methods are discussed and compared. 相似文献
13.
Kelly L. Giraud John B. Loomis Joseph C. Cooper 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2001,20(4):331-346
Referendum style willingness to pay questions have been used to estimatepassive use values. This referendum question format method may beproblematic for many reasons, including the statistical techniques used toestimate willingness to pay from discrete responses. This paper comparesa number of parametric, semi-nonparametric and nonparametric estimationtechniques using data collected from US households regarding Federalprotection of endangered fish species.The advantages and disadvantagesof the various statistical models used are explored. A hypothesis test forstatistical equality among estimation techniques is performed using ajackknife bootstrapping method. When the equality test is applied, themodeling techniques do show significant differences in some possiblecomparisons, but only those that are nonparamentric. This can lead toconflicting interpretations of what the data show. Resource managers andpolicy analysts need to use caution when interpreting results until anindustry standard can be developed for estimating willingness to pay fromclosed ended questions. 相似文献
14.
Meta-Functional Benefit Transfer for Wetland Valuation: Making the Most of Small Samples 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
This study applies functional Benefit Transfer via Meta-Regression Modeling to derive valuation estimates for wetlands in
an actual policy setting of proposed groundwater transfers in Eastern Nevada. We illustrate how Bayesian estimation techniques
can be used to overcome small sample problems notoriously present in Meta-functional Benefit Transfer. The highlights of our
methodology are: (i) The hierarchical modeling of heteroskedasticity; (ii) The ability to incorporate additional information
via refined priors; and (ii) The derivation of measures of model performance with the corresponding option of model-averaged
Benefit Transfer predictions. Our results indicate that economic losses associated with the disappearance of these wetlands
can be substantial and that primary valuation studies are warranted.
相似文献
15.
Meta-regression models in the valuation literature demonstrate that willingness to pay estimates vary according to methodological
factors. Neither theory nor characteristics of policy sites dictate the treatment of associated covariates within benefit
transfer, however, and the literature provides few insights into potential impacts of common empirical treatments. This paper
introduces a method to systematically characterize the impact of methodological variables on transfer error. Using a repeated
leave-one-out convergent validity framework, the analysis contrasts errors for a hypothetical ideal case in which correct
methodological covariate treatments are known to the realistic case in which the correct treatment is unknown. Results indicate
that the common assumption of mean values for methodological covariates leads to only a modest increase in mean transfer error
relative to that found in the hypothetical ideal case. 相似文献
16.
We critically review the literature that claims that existence values, or nonuse values in general, are a large and measurable component of total value for certain environmental resources. Our concern is not with the question “do nonuse values exist?” For some individuals they surely do. Rather, our concern is with two interrelated questions: are there operationally meaningful theorems which might lead to the specific measurement of nonuse values, and do we in fact have a body of credible evidence which shows that nonuse values, particularly components of any nonuse value, are “large”? We find nothing in the way of operationally meaningful hypotheses which would permit the estimation of values attributable to specific motives of individuals. We find no credible basis for claims related to either the measurement of existence and other motive-related values or claims for the “large” relative size of such values. In short, we question the conventional wisdom that such values are measurable and that they are significant as a component of total value. 相似文献
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18.
我国以天然林保护工程为主体的公益林自1998年开始至今,在很大程度上保护并改善了有利于生态环境的森林资源和水资源。但天然林保护工程对公益林的整体补偿相当低薄,这也是目前公认的一个政策上的重大缺陷。针对这一缺陷,从理论上提出了生态效益的补偿及其估值的依据,梳理了国外生态效益估值的常用方法,分析了我国以天然林保护工程为主体的公益林生态效益及其估值的现状,并且根据现状给出了初步的政策建议,其主要目的是使受影响的农民及村集体能够得到更高更合理的补偿。 相似文献
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20.
我国经济增长与大气污染物排放的关系——基于分省面板数据的经验研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文应用1998-2004年期间我国30个省(市、自治区)的面板数据,通过综合简化型模型,研究了3种大气污染物和经济增长之间的关系.实证研究发现在3种大气污染物与经济增长之间不存在倒U型环境库兹涅茨曲线.二氧化硫排放与经济增长之间呈倒N型曲线,与多数研究结果不相符;同时,第二产业比重、经济增长速度、单位GDP能耗和环境政策强度四个解释变量总体上对3个大气污染物的排放具有显著影响,并包含明确的政策含义. 相似文献