ORIGINS OF THE TORT REFORM MOVEMENT

The tort reform movement in the United States reached its peak during 1986, when 39 states passed legislation to limit court awards. The explosion of litigation and jury awards in the US. frequently was stated as the cause for the liability insurance crisis. This paper explores the origins of the tort reform crisis. It concludes that the crisis was produced by the natural instability of the liability insurance industry and by the impact of technology on specific coverage lines.     

WHY SOUTH AFRICA'S APARTHEID ECONOMY FAILED

South Africa's apartheid system was enormously costly and ultimately collapsed because the inefficiencies created by apartheid policies escalated as the economy's structure changed. Labor market regulation and industrial decentralization policy inhibited efficient resource utilization, especially as the manufacturing sector became dominant. Apartheid educational policies generated skill shortages. A mercantilistic development strategy distorted trade patterns, exacerbated dependence on foreign capital inflows, and created chronic balance of payments difficulties. The administrative and defense costs of implementing apartheid were onerous and rising. These internal weaknesses enhanced South Africa's vulnerability to capital flight, changes in world prices and business cycle conditions, and political changes abroad. Ultimately, apartheid was abandoned because its costs came to exceed its benefits to white South Africans. The internal dynamics of the system dictated the retrenchment of apartheid, which in all probability would have occurred even without foreign sanctions     

经济全球化对中国经济增长的贡献分析

本文利用协整与误差修正模型探讨全球化经济活动与中国经济增长的关系。研究发现,全球化对中国的经济增长具有积极的促进作用,但国内投资仍然是我国经济增长主要的推动力。     

中原经济区经济发展水平综合评价及时空格局演变

通过构建区域发展水平评价指标体系,引入熵权TOPSIS法对中原经济区2000、2005和2009年各地经济发展水平评价与比较;进而采用马尔可夫链和ESDA法对中原经济区经济发展水平空间格局及演变特征进行探讨。研究表明：中原经济区经济发展水平存在显著的“俱乐部趋同”现象,区域差异不断拉大,两极分化趋势增强;经济发展水平呈现出较为显著的空间自相关,发展水平相似的地区呈集聚分布;从热点区分布看中原经济区区域差异主要表现为东西差异,从热点区演变看中原经济区尚未形成稳定的空间发展格局;给力培育地区经济增长极和主导发展轴、优化空间开发格局,深化区域分工与合作,着力提升对外开放水平是实现中原经济区协调发展的有效途径。     

我国海岸带经济环境与经济走势分析

在阐述海洋带资源开发和经济发展的重大战略意义的基础上，揭示了海岸带经济环境的边缘效应、枢纽效应、依托效应、扩延效应和复合效应，以及它们对经济活动的影响：并从可持续发展的观点探讨了海岸带的经济走势及其存在的问题：最后从经济发展与生态环境关系方面讨论了促进我国海岸带经济发展的若干措施。     

淮海经济区经济发展差异演变

以淮海经济区126个县级行政单元为研究对象,采用锡尔系数分析方法对以淮海经济区为案例的省际边缘区经济发展差异进行定量测度,发现省际差异对淮海经济区经济发展差异的影响大于省内差异和市内差异的影响,是构成淮海经济区整体区域经济发展差异的重要组成部分.     

DIVERSITY AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION: FAILURES OF COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

This paper has two themes. First, diversity of relevant attributes driving the dynamics of socioeconomic systems, including industrial systems'is often needed to increase their likelihood of transiting to a superior state. However, systems left to their own devices do not always evolve to states where they possess sufficient or optimal diversity for further evolution or growth to a superior state. Evolutionary market mechanisms can be of this nature. Structural adjustment policies and globalization seem to be adding to industrial and other types of uniformity. Hence, real danger exists that global industrial structures influenced by field effects will become "piled up" and reduce the likelihood of the global economic system evolving to a superior economic state. Furthermore, diversity is an important driving force in other growth processes, e.g., those adding to the stock of knowledge. Second industrial diversity of techniques and behaviors may be potentially Paretian valuable as a means of optimal adjustment to continual technological change and as a manifestation of specialization according to differences in individual abilities and in those of organizations. Insofar as attempts at benchmarking try to ensure uniform adoption of "best practice" in industry, they are likely to be doubly damaging because short-run potential Paretian benefits are forgone, and in stifling industrial diversity they may also undermine industrial diversity as a source of future economic growth. (JEL D00, D89, O30, 014)     

经济变迁的过程

非常高兴再次来到中国经济研究中心.能再次来到中国也令人非常愉快,因为中国是世界上最有意思、最富挑战性的国家,尤其与我的研究兴趣相关--经济和社会变迁的过程,这正是我要与你们谈的话题.传统的经济学理论是静态的,它提供了理论分析的框架,解释市场或经济的各个部分在某一时刻是如何运行的.但它不能解释经济随着时间的推     

经济变迁的过程

非常高兴再次来到中国经济研究中心。能再次来到中国也令人非常愉快,因为中国是世界上最有意思、最富挑战性的国家,尤其与我的研究兴趣相关——经济和社会变迁的过程,这正是我要与你们谈的话题。传统的经济学理论是静态的,它提供了理论分析的框架,解释市场或经济的各个部分在某一时刻是如何运行的。但它不能解释经济随着时间的推     

区域经济发展差距:新经济地理、要素流动与经济政策

改革开放后,中国区域经济发展差距主要表现为区域间差距的扩大,而非区域内部差距的扩大。这一现象的发生是多方面原因共同作用的结果:在新经济地理因素的影响下,具有区位优势的东部沿海地区吸引了中西部地区大量的生产要素进行跨区域流动,加上中央政府的政策导向作用,使得中国经济发展差距呈现出逐步扩大的趋势。因此,中央政府应该采取有力措施,以便在全国形成合理的区域分工,进而达到缩小区域经济发展差距的目标。     

关中经济区经济联系测度与财政体制调整政策研究

以财政管理体制如何配合关中经济区的组建和发展为研究对象,对城市联系测度和相应的财政体制调整政策问题进行研究。首先借鉴国内外学者在分析城市间联系测度模型,分析关中经济区主要城市的中心等级划分,计算城市间的可达性系数和空间相互吸引强度;其次,对关中经济区经济联系度低的原因进行剖析,客观分析陕西现行财政管理体制中对城市联系的制约问题;最后从财政体制角度提出促进关中经济区城市经济联系的相关政策建议。     

传统经济管理思想对当代经济管理实践的启示

传统经济管理思想对当代经济管理实践的启示表现在以下几个方面:(1)农地首先是自然资源,其次才是资本资源。土地公有为合理模式。(2)盐铁专营可作为生产管理、流通管理的典型形式,重农抑商的实质需要重新认识。(3)分配管理集中在土地政策和赋税地租上。消费管理以节俭为指导思想。(4)国政经济管理涉及财政管理、军费管理和户籍管理。货币金融管理直接影响到财政和经济贸易。