Corruption and market attractiveness influences on different types of FDI

Previous studies have proposed that a compensatory model predicts the level of foreign direct investment (FDI) in a country; FDI levels are a result of ‘trade‐offs’ between the positive effect of market attractiveness and the negative influence of corruption. In contrast, we hypothesize and find that the compensatory relationship only holds for market‐seeking investment; for resource‐seeking FDI the model appears to be noncompensatory. Greater market attractiveness mitigates the negative impact of corruption on market‐seeking investment, but the ability of market attractiveness to mitigate the negative impact of corruption on resource‐seeking FDI quickly disappears as corruption levels increase. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corruption and change: the impact of foreign direct investment

This study examines influences on the level of corruption in countries from a strategic perspective. Corruption is one of the country‐level influences on market entry, investment, and other decisions fundamental to strategic management at the international level. The study examines the impact on corruption of change in levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). It uses the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores computed by Transparency International for 1999 and 2000. Results indicate that the more rapid the rate of change in FDI, the higher the level of corruption. Higher levels of perceived corruption are associated with each of two dimensions of national culture: uncertainty avoidance and masculinity. Research and managerial implications are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

最低工资标准、劳动力素质与FDI

本文利用我国30个省区2000～2014年的面板数据,分投资地区和投资类型考察了最低工资标准、劳动力素质对FDI流入规模的影响。研究发现：最低工资上涨对FDI流入规模呈现正U型影响;最低工资上涨通过提高劳动力素质增大FDI的流入规模。在东部地区,最低工资上涨对FDI流入规模呈现倒U型影响;而在中西部地区,最低工资上涨对FDI流入规模呈现正U型影响。最低工资上涨通过提高劳动力素质,增大了劳动密集型和资本密集型FDI的流入规模;而对技术密集型FDI的流入没有影响。本文的研究成果可为中国当前的最低工资制度、人才发展战略以及“引进来”战略的调整提供参考依据。     

FDI distribution within China: An integrative conceptual framework for analyzing intra-country FDI variations

The literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) has evolved in separate theoretical silos and a holistic conceptualization is yet to emerge. Research has focused mostly on inter-country differences and not much on explaining intra-country FDI variations. Traditionally FDI locations have been evaluated through country-level FDI determinants even though provinces differ widely in infrastructure and other attributes. Further, neither is the varying importance of FDI determinants to different industries factored in, nor are the differing FDI incentives from national and provincial governments integrated into a single framework. To address these gaps this study synthesizes insights from three streams of FDI research and develops an integrative conceptual framework that can comprehensively analyze intra-country FDI inflows. We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by empirically analyzing FDI trends within China’s 31 provinces. The study thus makes a substantive contribution by offering scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners a holistic conceptual and methodological approach for understanding FDI trends within a country.     

Information and communication technologies and employment in developing countries: Effects and transmission channels

This study analyzes the effect of ICT adoption on employment in developing countries. The empirical analysis covers 70 developing countries over the 1996–2017 period. To better characterize the labor market framework in developing countries, the empirical analysis incorporates the impact of ICT adoption on underemployment and labor underutilization. Using panel data techniques, the results show that ICT adoption increases employment, underemployment, and labor underutilization in developing countries. The main transmission channels identified are FDI inflows, human capital, and economic openness. As the main policy implication, policymakers in developing countries should intensify investments in the ICT sector and develop policies conducive to FDI inflows, human capital development, and economic openness to address employment issues.     

腐败对创新能力差距的影响：来自于中国的证据

腐败对创新究竟产生了怎样的影响还没有受到经济学界足够的关注,但这一问题会影响到整个国家的区域经济协调发展。利用万广华发展的以回归为基础的分解框架,考察了1993年～2004年地区创新能力的现状,估计了影响创新能力差距的各个因素对整个差距的贡献率,特别强调了腐败的影响。发现,地区创新能力差距呈现波动的趋势,腐败程度对创新能力差距的贡献率显著为正,并且随着时间而加强;地理位置、科研投入、市场化程度对于创新能力差距具有显著的贡献,而外商直接投资和开放度的贡献不明显。     

中国制造业的国际竞争力——基于网络型产业组织的分析

最近十多年来,外商直接投资(FDI)极大地促进了中国制造业的发展,制造业的快速扩张对行业国际竞争力的影响受到了越来越多的关注。本文运用网络型产业组织理论和实证方法,研究了中国大陆28个制造业行业国际竞争力及其决定因素。在2001—2007年间,网络型产业组织能够通过外资企业技术外溢效应和产业集聚提升中国大陆制造业行业国际竞争力。外商直接投资具有明显的外溢效应,产业集聚对国际竞争力也存在积极影响,但是人民币汇率、企业平均规模、经济开放度和研发支出未能增强国际竞争力,劳动力成本的上升没有削弱制造业行业国际竞争力。     

Trade,foreign direct investment and industry performance

This paper investigates the US margins effect of imports and FDI using a panel of 448 manufacturing industries for 1982–1990. In the single equation two-way fixed effects regressions, greenfield FDI has no significant effect on margins; while there is some indication that non-greenfield FDI affect margins and the effect is found to depend on the level of industry concentration. When potential endogeneity among variables are taken into account, both types of FDI are found to increase margins. However, for non-greenfield FDI, the effect appears with a lag of two periods. For the most part, the results indicate that the positive effect on margins holds for industries with ‘low’ levels of concentration. Beyond some ‘critical’ level, the competitive effect of FDI predominates.     

Embracing the foreign: Cultural attractiveness and international strategy

Research summary : Prior research focused on cultural differences and their impact on foreign direct investment (FDI), neglecting other potentially relevant variables attesting to the cultural interaction between a multinational enterprise and its host environment. In this article, we draw on interpersonal attraction research to develop a positive approach to cross‐cultural interaction with the cultural attractiveness (CA) construct, whereby members of a focal culture view another culture as desirable. We create a CA measure and establish its predictive validity with country reputation data. Using FDI data for 41 nations from 1985 to 2012 and performance data for 8,519 cross‐border acquisitions (CBA) for 40 nations from 1990 to 2009, we find that CA is a predictor of FDI inflows and CBA outcomes, whose explanatory power is superior to cultural difference measures. Managerial summary : Practitioners have traditionally emphasized potential difficulties of cross‐cultural interaction when dealing with culturally distant countries. In contrast, our study addresses the positive aspects of cultural differences and suggests that a lot can be gained from dealing with attractive cultures, even when they are different. This insight can be helpful, for example, in contemplating/managing international M&As. Managers of acquiring/merging firms can use our approach to identify whether their employees find the partner's culture desirable, and if they do, proceed with the takeover and then adopt the partner's organizational routines during post‐merger integration. This approach can help avoid conflicts, improve performance of home country expatriates, and ultimately, create value for acquiring firms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Entry mode and equity level: A multilevel examination of foreign direct investment ownership structure

Over the last two decades, strategy researchers have sought to understand the ownership structure of firms' foreign direct investments (FDI) as reflected in entry mode and equity level. However, prior FDI research has ignored the interrelated nature of these key FDI decisions. In addition, prior research does not fully account for the fact that individual ownership structure decisions occur within the context of a firm's broader FDI portfolio, and thus reflect a wide and frequently unobserved range of parent firm and host nation effects. Our research seeks to address both of these limitations. Using a rich dataset of 4,459 subsidiaries established by 858 Japanese firms across 38 countries over a 9‐year period, we specify a conditional bivariate, cross‐classified multilevel model of FDI ownership structure. Our model enables the joint estimation of entry mode and equity level, accounts for the portfolio nature of FDI, and compares the relative predictive power of transaction cost‐ and experience‐based explanatory variables across both facets of ownership structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Korea's Direct Investments in China: Technology, Experience, and Ownership Factors in Performance

This paper is designed to empirically examine what determines the performance of Korea's foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. Three main determinants are hypothesized to influence the performance of Korea's FDI. They include technology, internationalization experience, and ownership patterns associated with Korea's investments in China. Data were collected from surveys with 91 Korean investors. Our empirical analysis suggests that the labor intensity of technology involved in FDI and the appropriateness of manufacturing technology to the local conditions influence the investment performance. In addition, the results indicate that the internationalization experiences of the Korean investors also affect the profitability of FDI. Another finding of note is that the level of local ownership had a positive impact on performance. But, more interestingly, its effects were moderated by the investor's prior internationalization experiences; in other words, the investors with limited internationalization experiences performed well on a minority ownership venture.     

ICT and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Transmission channels and effects

Despite significant progress in the empirical analysis of the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on economic growth, previous studies have not empirically examined the mechanisms by which ICT hinders or expands economic growth. The specific aim of the present study was to identify the transmission channels through which ICT contributes to economic growth. The examined channels included; openness, FDI inflows, education, domestic investment, political institution, and inflation. The study employed the panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) and system two step system GMM techniques on a sample of 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period 2004–2020. Using an ICT composite index, the causal mediation analysis identified that ICT contributed directly to growth, as proposed by the growth theories. Furthermore, the same analysis identified; domestic investment, openness, and education as crucial variables through which ICT penetration indirectly promoted per capita growth in the SSA region. The robustness of this result was verified using a variety of tools. The present findings suggested that the current efforts to expand ICTs in Sub-Saharan Africa should be continued since this sector has a considerable indirect impact on promoting economic growth.     

中国反倾销与对华直接投资相关性实证研究

反倾销是目前研究的热点之一,本文从中国反倾销与外商对华直接投资相关性这个角度,利用企业水平的模型进行回归实证分析,并结合案例,得出中国反倾销与外商对华直接投资之间存在正的相关性。结果表明,中国的反倾销会引起外商对华直接投资的增加,特别是跨国公司对华直接投资的增加。     

外商直接投资对城乡收入差距的影响研究——空间溢出及门槛特征

本文以我国30个省市2003～2014年的面板数据构建空间滞后模型和门槛面板模型,以人均国内生产总值和外商直接投资（FDI）强度为门槛变量,实证检验FDI与城乡收入差距间的非线性空间关系。结果表明FDI与城乡收入差距具有显著的空间积聚特征,同时FDI对缩小城乡收入差距的效应显著,且在各地区间存在明显差异。此外,FDI与城乡收入差距间具有门槛特征。当人均国内生产总值和FDI强度跨过门槛值时,FDI对于缩小城乡收入差距的效应会呈现出下降趋势。     

劳工标准水平与外商直接投资流入——基于国别数据的实证研究

本文对劳工标准和直接投资流入之间的关系进行了实证研究，并且通过工具变量的使用控制了劳工标准与直接投资流入之间的内生性问题。实证研究的结果表明，与流行的观点相反．在其他条件相同的情况下，高劳工标准反而会成为吸引直接投资流入的原因．该结论无论在全部样本中还是在发展中国家样本中都得到了验证。     

The Impact of Union Corruption on Union Membership

This paper examines the relationship between union corruption actions and union membership. State‐level data from the Office of Labor‐Management Standards, and other sources, are utilized over two study periods (1974–2000 and 2001–2008) to test three hypotheses, including the union corruption hypothesis, as possible explanations for the decline in union membership in the United States over time. Although our initial findings suggest a negative relationship exists between union corruption and membership, after removing the possibility of simultaneous equations bias, we find that changes in corruption do not influence changes in union membership in our sample.     

技术创新视角下外商直接投资与金融发展的空间非线性关系——基于半参数空间模型的实证检验

本文以全国30个省份的面板数据为样本,建立普通面板回归、空间滞后模型以及半参数空间滞后模型进行比较,探讨科技创新视角下金融发展的空间溢出效应以及外商直接投资对金融发展的非线性单向影响形态。由结果可知,由于金融资源高度流动性和信息扩张的快速化,金融发展的空间溢出效应明显;外商直接投资对金融发展的影响是非线性、呈现“V”型的三阶段效应。建议优化外商直接投资结构、缩小区域金融发展差距、大力投资教育和研发以推动全国金融市场的发展、提高外商直接投资利用率,转变经济发展模式。     

Location,governance, and strategic determinants of japanese manufacturing investment in the united states

A firm's decision to manufacture abroad depends on location, governance, and strategic factors. Governance factors are firm-specific. In spite of this, most empirical studies of foreign direct investment (FDI) have been conducted at the industry level (making it impossible to look at firm-specific determinants), and only a handful have considered governance, location, and strategic factors simultaneously. This paper is the first large sample study of the determinants of foreign direct investment at the product and firm-level. It examines the impact of location and governance factors, and of four types of strategic interactions, on a Japanese firm's propensity to manufacture in the U.S. The results support the view that foreign direct investment is explained by location, governance, and strategic variables. Economies of scale and trade barriers encourage Japanese FDI in the U.S. The larger a Japanese firm's R & D expenditures, the greater the probability it will manufacture in the U.S., but this is not the case for advertising expenditures. Some strategic factors are also important: Japanese firms with medium domestic market shares have the highest propensity to invest in the U.S. There is evidence of follow-the-leader behavior between firms of rival enterprise groups, but none of ‘exchange-of-threat’ between American and Japanese firms. Japanese investors are also attracted by concentrated and high-growth U.S. industries.     

区域政策、区域对外开放与区域外向经济发展差异

改革开放以来,我国采取了非均衡的区域对外开放战略及递进式的区域开放模式,使得外商直接投资主要分布在东部沿海经济发达地区,而且,由于外商直接投资与区域对外贸易的高度相关关系,最终也使得我国的区域对外贸易也出现了非均衡的现象。当然,外商直接投资对于东中西部的影响也并不相同,随着我国西部大开发战略及中部崛起的区域发展战略实施,中部地区正在成为我国吸引外资增长最快的地区,但是,西部地区却并没有出现我们所预想的那样,即外资的大量进入以带动西部地区的经济发展。     

市场需求和中国工业行业FDI流入

本文研究中国工业行业的市场需求对外商直接投资流入该行业的影响。本文利用中国工业行业 2003～2014年度行业层面的面板数据进行的实证检验发现，行业市场需求规模促进了FDI的流入，在外资集聚度较高的行业，该种促进作用更加明显。在考虑了FDI的动态效应后，发现外商直接投资存在“惯性”，前期FDI的流入会促进新的FDI流入。估计结果在考虑了内生性后，各检验结果依然稳健。