应计与真实盈余管理：替代抑或互补

基于中国转型经济特有的制度环境,考察应计与真实盈余管理之间的相互关系。结果表明,在中国市场上,应计与真实盈余管理之间存在"二元"关系,即替代关系和互补关系。具体而言,市场竞争压力在应计与真实盈余管理之间具有明显的成本比较优势,使得两者具有替代关系。控制利益、管制压力在应计与真实盈余管理之间不具有显著的成本比较优势,而是应计与真实盈余管理的驱动因素,使得两者具有互补关系。     

股权结构与上市公司应计和真实盈余管理行为

过高的股权集中度会导致显著更高的应计盈余操控行为,而对真实盈余管理行为的影响总体上不显著;无论对于应计盈余操控还是真实盈余操控,机构持股均具有较好的抑制作用;国有控股会导致显著更高的应计盈余操控,但在真实盈余操控方面,更多地体现在异常酌量费用方面;国有控股上市公司管理层持股越高,其应计盈余管理行为越显著,而在真实盈余管...     

按下葫芦浮起瓢:分析师跟踪与盈余管理途径选择

本文使用2006-2014年的中国上市公司数据,研究了分析师跟踪对企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的不同作用。在控制了内生性和其它相关因素的基础上,本文发现:分析师对应计盈余管理具有监督效应,能够减少应计盈余管理;相反,其对真实盈余管理具有促进作应,跟踪分析师越多,企业真实盈余管理越多。本文对这一现象的解释是:与应计盈余管理相比,真实盈余管理具有较高的隐蔽性,分析师易于监督隐蔽性较差的应计盈余管理,这种监督迫使经理人转向真实盈余管理。本文的结论有助于全面认识和评价分析师的治理作用,指出了分析师跟踪的缺陷,为完善分析师的治理职能提供理论支持和经验证据。     

中国上市公司真实活动盈余管理研究现状

不论在国外还是国内,关于应计盈余管理的研究已可算是汗牛充栋,而真实活动盈余管理的内涵在2006年才由Roychowdhury进行了系统的阐述.不同于在操纵上相对隐蔽而又会发生回转效应的应计盈余管理,真实活动盈余管理是指通过有意的改变正常经营活动实现特定盈余目标.本文对国内外相关研究行了简略回顾,并对目前国内关于真实活动盈余管理研究的特点进行了分析,最后提出了未来的研究方向     

提高会计信息可比性能抑制盈余管理吗?

本文研究中国上市公司会计信息可比性对管理层盈余管理行为的抑制作用。研究发现,虽然会计信息可比性的提高对应计盈余管理具有一定程度的抑制作用,但真实盈余管理现象随着会计信息可比性的提高而显著增加,表明会计信息可比性是管理层从应计盈余管理向真实盈余管理转变一个重要诱因。进一步研究发现,当管理层薪酬更高时,随着会计信息可比性的提高,应计盈余管理向真实盈余管理的转变越明显。但是在股权集中度较高、信息披露规范和监管环境趋紧的情况下,随着会计信息可比性提升,管理层实施真实盈余管理的上升势头在一定程度上受到了抑制。     

上市公司的盈余管理必然导致会计稳健性下降吗?

本文采用我国沪深两市2007-2014年的A股上市公司数据,研究了应计盈余管理与真实盈余管理对企业会计稳健性的影响。研究结果表明:企业向上的应计盈余管理活动和向上的真实盈余管理活动对会计稳健性具有相反的影响;企业向上的真实盈余管理活动强化了向上的应计盈余管理活动对会计稳健性的负向影响;企业向上的应计盈余管理活动强化了向上的真实盈余管理活动对会计稳健性的正向影响。因此,由于同时存在正负抵消和边际强化作用,企业实施向上的盈余管理活动并不必然导致会计稳健性下降。企业可能组合采用两种盈余管理方式进行盈余操控而同时保持会计稳健性相对稳定。     

真实盈余管理文献综述

真实盈余管理是近年来理论界与实务界关注的一个热点问题。本文从真实盈余管理存在性的经验证据、真实盈余管理与应计盈余管理比较研究、真实盈余管理的经济后果以及真实盈余管理的治理研究等四个方面对真实盈余管理现有文献进行梳理总结。以期为后续的相关研究提供新的方向,同时为监管层相关政策的制定提供一定的启示意义。     

创业板上市公司IPO过程中的业绩变化与盈余管理——来自中国创业板上市公司的经验数据

盈余管理是我国财务会计研究领域的一个重要部分,国内外对盈余管理的研究主要集中在盈余管理的动机、手段和方法,较少从盈余管理的程度与公司业绩的关系这一角度进行研究。基于这一问题,笔者将应计盈余管理与真实盈余管理相对比,分别研究其在创业板IPO中的存在性,并考察其分别对公司业绩的影响。研究发现:创业板上市公司为了达到上市的标准,在上市前后都会采用应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的手段来粉饰公司的利润。本文选取有代表性的财务指标,运用实证分析的方法建立综合财务指标体系对样本数据进行检验发现:应计盈余管理与未来公司业绩之间存在显著正相关关系,而真实盈余管理与公司未来的业绩之间则存在显著负相关关系,相对比而言,虽然两种盈余管理的方式都会使公司的未来业绩下降,但是真实盈余管理对公司业绩的影响更为深远。     

基于计量视角的盈余管理文献综述

盈余管理是国内外管理学和会计学广泛关注的重点研究领域。本文从盈余管理计量的视角,针对国内外相关研究进行归纳和总结,以应计利润分离法针对应计盈余管理和真实活动盈余管理的计量展开,提出未来盈余管理计量的发展方向,以期为理论界和实务界正确计量盈余管理提供理论依据。     

盈余管理对我国上市公司财务困境影响的实证研究

通过Logistic回归分析应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理对公司财务困境的影响,深化利益相关者对盈余管理经济后果的理解.研究结果表明,应计盈余管理与公司陷入财务困境显著正相关,公司前三年进行正向应计盈余管理程度越大,公司更容易陷入财务困境.而实证结果没有得出真实盈余管理与财务困境显著的相关关系,这并不能说明真实盈余管理对公司陷入财务困境没有显著影响,只是真实盈余管理对公司财务状况的影响是一个长期的过程,短期内两者关系不能很好的得到反映.     

盈余管理方式与审计师风险感知研究

以2009~2013年沪深两市 A 股上市公司为样本,研究应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理对审计师风险感知的影响,研究结论表明,审计师既能感知到应计盈余管理行为带来的风险,同时还能感知到真实盈余管理行为的风险,并会从审计意见类型和审计费用两个方面采取风险应对措施。相较于有限责任制会计师事务所,特殊普通合伙制会计师事务所的审计师对盈余管理行为的风险感知更敏感。     

独立董事本地化对公司盈余管理的影响——来自2010~2014年A股上市公司经验证据

以2010~2014年 A 股上市公司为研究样本,以修正 Jones 模型估计的操控性应计绝对值作为应计项目盈余管理的衡量指标,探讨上市公司独立董事日常工作所在地和上市公司所在地是否一致对公司盈余管理的影响。研究发现,独立董事本地化能抑制公司应计项目盈余管理。此外,研究进一步发现,独立董事本地化还能约束真实活动盈余操控,包括销售操控、生产操控和费用操控等行为。     

强势企业、政治关系与盈余管理方式——来自深沪上市公司的经验证据

将盈余管理方式分为应计盈余管理与真实活动盈余管理,以深沪两市19个行业的企业2009~2013年数据为样本,研究发现强势企业较弱势企业进行了相对较高的真实盈余管理与较低的应计盈余管理。有政治关系的强势企业比无政治关系的强势企业进行了较高的应计盈余管理。从真实盈余管理的方向来看,强势企业利用隐蔽的盈余管理方式将业绩做大使得其强者表现更强。     

The Real and Accrual-based Earnings Management Behaviors: Evidence from the Split Share Structure Reform in China

This paper investigates the earnings management activities in Chinese listed firms and the impact of the split share structure reform (SSSREF). We demonstrate that Chinese listed firms exhibited a long-term positive relationship between real and accrual-based earnings management activities over the 2002–2011 period. This reflects the environment of weak investor protection and lack of effective corporate governance in China. Our results also indicate that the SSSREF in China has not fundamentally improved firms' quality of financial information. This may be because ownership concentration remains high. However, it is of interest that the reform has created an incentive alignment effect exogenously. We find that firms' use of discretionary accruals was constrained, and they have consequently shifted to less detectable and under-scrutinized real earnings activities after the reform. This shift is similar to that seen with the direct regulatory changes in accounting reporting rules on firms' earnings behaviors in developed countries where the investor protection environment is strong. We suggest that firms' shifting between the accrual and real-based earnings methods is an overlooked area for investors to consider in the emerging market context, and may require the attention of regulators.     

The Accrual Effect on Future Earnings

Earnings manipulation has become a widespread practice for US corporations. However, most studies in the literature focus on whether certain incentives would facilitate managers to manipulate earnings and there has been little evidence documenting the consequences of earnings manipulation. This paper fills this gap by examining how current accruals affect future earnings (the accrual effect) and measuring the size of this effect. We find that the aggregate future earnings will decrease by $0.046 and $0.096, respectively, in the next one and three years for a $1 increase of current accruals. Over the very long-term (25 years), 20% of current accruals will reverse. This negative accrual effect is more significant for firms with high price-earnings ratios, high market-to-book ratios and high accruals where earnings management is more likely to occur. We show that incorporating the accrual effect is useful in improving the accuracy of earnings forecasts for these firms. Accordingly, the empirical results are consistent with the notion that earnings management causes the negative relationship between current accruals and future earnings. In addition, this paper shows that one recently developed accrual model has better performance than the popularly cited model in identifying manipulated earnings.     

Does financial reporting above or below operating income matter to firms and investors? The case of investment income in China

We explore a unique regulatory change in China in 2007 that moves investment income in an income statement from below the line of operating income to above the line. We find that, post-regulatory change, firms report high investment income when core earnings (operating income excluding investment income) are low and vice versa. Investment income and core earnings exhibit a significantly negative correlation every year post regulation, in contrast to a significantly positive correlation beforehand. We also find that investors do not fully see through the change. Before the regulation, both core earnings and investment income are positively correlated with contemporaneous stock returns and uncorrelated with future stock returns, suggesting appropriate pricing of the information. However, afterward, the results on core earnings are similar to those in the pre-regulation period, but investment income is negatively correlated with future stock returns, implying that the stock market overreacts to the information in investment income in the contemporaneous year.     

How efficient ownership structure monitors income manipulation? Evidence of real earnings management among Malaysian firms

This study investigates income manipulation through real earnings management, by listed companies in Malaysia, prior to being officially designated as “financially distressed”, by this country’s stock exchange listed rules. The hypotheses relate to whether the degree of upwards real earnings management, conducted during the four-year period prior to financial distress, can be explained by ownership structure (measured with three variables: managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership). Using a sample of 1180 firm-year observations of financially distressed companies, over the investigation period 2001–2011, the findings suggest that the degree of real earnings management is not associated with ownership by management or institutional investors. Conversely, the evidence indicates that foreign shareholders are able to constrain upwards real earnings management related to discretionary expenditure but not the operating cycle. This study contributes to the importance of diversity of ownership structures in monitoring income manipulation among firms.     

业绩预告披露与盈余管理研究

盈余管理存在的根本原因在于投资者与管理层之间的信息不对称。业绩预告作为上市公司未来经营成果、财务状况与现金流量的预测,在很大程度上会影响投资者对上市公司的评估及其投资决策。从业绩预告披露的特征方面出发,研究业绩预告披露与盈余管理之间的关系,包括业绩预告的性质、预告精确度、预告误差分别与盈余管理程度的关系,结果发现：发布业绩预告的公司,盈余管理水平更高。预告精确度以及预告期间与预测当期盈余管理水平正相关,预测误差与盈余管理水平负相关。当消息类型不同的时候,预测的强制性与否以及＂变脸＂对盈余管理水平的影响不同。结论支持了上市公司财务报告迎合业绩预告披露的说法。     

Credit Ratings and Earnings Management around IPOs

This study examines the impact of having a credit rating on earnings management (EM) through accruals and real activities manipulation by initial public offering (IPO) firms. We find that firms going public with a credit rating are less likely to engage in income‐enhancing accrual‐based and real EM in the offering year. The monitoring by a credit rating agency (CRA) and the reduced information asymmetry due to the provision of a credit rating disincentivise rated issuers from managing earnings. We also suggest that the participation of a reputable auditing firm is crucial for CRAs to effectively restrain EM. Moreover, we document that for unrated issuers, at‐issue income‐increasing EM is not linked to future earnings and is negatively related to post‐issue long‐run stock performance. However, for rated issuers, at‐issue income‐increasing EM is positively associated with subsequent accounting performance and is unrelated to long‐run stock performance following the offering. The evidence indicates that managers in unrated firms generally manipulate earnings to mislead investors, while managers in rated firms tend to exercise their accounting and operating discretion for informative purposes.