关系在中国的文化内涵：管理学者的视角

关系及其作用被认为是在中国从事商业活动的一个基础性变量,也被认为是中国文化主导下的企业从事商业活动的一个重要特点。虽然国内外已经积累了不少研究关系的文献,但是关系与中国文化之间联系的线索还不清晰——我们并不确定二者是如何联系起来的。依照狭义的文化概念和中国文化的核心特质,本文试图以管理学者的视角探讨这一问题,从关系状态、关系行为、关系规范和关系导向等几个方面寻找“关系”在中国的文化内涵,为管理学者更深人地探讨关系的商业功能打一个基础。本文的主要结论如下：在文化构成的三个层次中,关系状态和关系行为是人际关系的现象文化,以个性化和多样化的方式展现着中国文化的丰富性;关系导向和关系规范则体现着中国文化对人际关系的基本假设和显性价值观,具有更深刻的文化内涵和更重要的文化基因,决定着中国人际关系的共性。     

民营企业领导—员工“关系”对员工工作态度的影响

本文分析了国内外学术界关系研究的局限性,指出领导-员工关系这一概念更能真实地反映中国企业领导-员工的人际互动情况,进而构建了领导-员工关系量表,领导-员工关系影响员工的组织公平及员工工作态度的理论模型,对该模型进行了实证检验。结果表明,领导-员工关系对员工的组织公平和工作满意度具有直接正向影响,领导-员工关系通过分配公平对员工工作满意度,通过互动公平对员工情感承诺具有间接正向影响。     

我国个人金融市场的热点及发展预测

在当前存款利率处于历史低位的低息时代,券商集合理财、基金、信托、委托贷款和外汇衍生产品等受到了广大个人客户的追捧,未来我国个人金融市场将会出现一些显著变化.银行网点的交易功能不断弱化,而变成金融产品的销售中心.我国金融业将呈现出"分业经营,混业服务"的新模式,金融市场格局正在发生一场深刻的变革.     

Political connections, financing and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese private firms

This paper examines the role of affiliation with the ruling Communist Party in the operation of private enterprises in China. Using a nationwide survey of private firms, we find that the Party membership of private entrepreneurs has a positive effect on the performance of their firms when human capital and other relevant variables are controlled. We further find that Party membership helps private entrepreneurs to obtain loans from banks or other state institutions, and affords them more confidence in the legal system. Finally, we find Party membership to be more important to firm performance in regions with weaker market institutions and weaker legal protection.     

战略关系视角下私营中小企业的竞争行为模式

战略关系的把握,对于私营中小企业竞争优势构建有很大的意义,西方经典战略管理理论需要进行中国管理情境的修订。通过战略关系这一独特的视角及其相应的竞争行为,私营中小企业可以更有效地构建本企业的竞争优势。我们在尝试揭示资源匹配搜索过程、建立战略关系过程中的动态属性的基础上,提出了私营中小企业在构建战略关系过程中可采用的4种竞争行为模式。     

劳资关系对当代中国社会的影响

改革开放以来对社会触动最大的变革莫过于企业劳动关系的变动.劳资关系从无到有并成为劳动关系的主体对中国社会的影响有积极和消极两个方面.积极影响主要表现在牵引和带动了公有制企业市场化改革、缓解了中国工业化进程中的人口难题和广泛吸纳投资推进了中国工业化进程;消极方面主要表现为带来了利益大分化的劳动关系、天生不平等的社会关系、倾斜性的初次分配关系.从总的来看,其积极影响大于消极影响.但是,目前积极影响下降而消极影响上升,因此,构建劳资关系的制衡机制是一项十分紧要的工作.     

Political connections,ownership structure and private-equity placement decision: evidence from Chinese listed firms

In contrast with many other countries, Chinese listed firms must obtain approval to make private-equity placements (PEPs) from the Chinese Security Regulatory Commission (CSRC), a state bureau that regulates capital market financing. We analyse the role of political connection (PC) and ownership structures when accessing private equity (PE) market, while investigating the mechanisms through which political ties operate within the regulatory process of PEPs. The findings suggest that PCs do not contribute to the firm’s decision to apply for PEPs, but firms with state-ownership demonstrate a higher propensity to apply for PEPs. PC and state-ownership appear to help firms to obtain approval from the CSRC, and these firms are treated more favourably than their rivals without such connections. Politically connected firms spend less time in managing bureaucracy, but PC and state-ownership negatively affect proceeds from the PE market in China. Firms with politically connected directors with professional business backgrounds tend to spend less time managing the CSRC, and these professionals positively affect proceeds from the PE market in China. This study provides important insights for policy-makers, investors, PE issuing firms and security market regulators.     

Tracing neoliberalism in Italy: intellectual and political connections

Neoliberalism was a powerful ideology and ‘thought collective’ between the two World Wars and after WWII. The paper aims to enquire into the channels through which neoliberalism dwelled in Italian intellectual, economic and political history, from the early 1920s to the mid-1970s, unveiling the role of public intellectuals like Einaudi, and hardly unknown think-tanks like Ceses.     

Employment with connections: Negative network effects

In less developed countries, it is widely observed that employers hire workers through employee referrals. In this paper, we show an extension of this kind of networks that may decrease applicants' payoffs while a diversification of the networks can raise referred applicants' payoffs. We also discuss the effect of the extension of interlinked contracts on farmers' wages.     

Learning in society

In an individual experimentation problem a decision maker learns only from his own experience. It is well known that an optimal experimentation strategy for such problems sometimes results in the best alternative being dropped altogether, which is the so-called “Rothschild effect.” Many experimentation problems of interest, however, involve learning from both individual experience and the experience of others. This paper shows that learning in society can overcome the Rothschild effect. We consider an economy with a continuum of infinitely lived players in which each player faces a multi-armed bandit and in each period a player observes the action choice of another randomly chosen player. We show that social conformity always happens in the long run, and we use this fact to derive a condition on the distribution of prior beliefs that implies that the fraction of players who choose the best alternative always converges to one in the long run.     

Do political connections decrease the accuracy of stock analysts' recommendations in the Chinese stock market?

This paper studies the association between the accuracy of analysts' recommendations and political connections in the Chinese stock market. As most brokerage firms in China are state-owned, it raises concerns about conflicts of interest among their employed analysts issuing recommendations for Chinese state-owned enterprises. Based on 8469 analysts' recommendations with different ratings for both state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises from 74 brokerage firms, we document that analysts' recommendations are less accurate for Chinese state-owned enterprises, which supports the hypothesis that conflicts of interest create recommendation biases. Political connections encourage analysts to be more optimistic on SOEs and even to generate misleading “Buy” and “Hold” recommendations. Our results demonstrate the existence of an optimism bias among politically connected analysts on state-owned enterprises in China.     

创造力与员工创新：上下级关系与目标导向的调节作用

创造力如何高效转化为员工创新是管理实践普遍面临的问题。依据社会认知理论,通过对4家国有企业管理者及其下属进行问卷调查,探讨了上下级关系和目标导向对创造力与员工创新的调节作用。结果发现：学习目标导向对创造力与员工创新存在显著的正向调节效应;企业上下级关系显著负向调节创造力与员工创新关系;目标导向与上下级关系交互调节创造力与员工创新,其中学习目标导向减弱了上下级关系对创造力与员工创新的负向调节作用,证明目标导向增强了上下级的负向调节效应。该结果揭示了创造力与员工创新的复杂权变关系,可为组织管理者科学有效管理创造力与员工创新提供理论启示与实践指导。     

“仁”、“义”、“礼”的日常实践：“关系”、“人情”与“面子”——从“差序格局”看儒家“大传统”在日常“小传统”中的现实定位

“仁”、“义”、“礼”的儒家思想之“大传统”,与日常生活中的“关系”、“人情”、“面子”之“小传统”有着某种内在的衔接性与紧张性。就“差序格局”而言,人伦“关系”网络以“仁”作为最高价值理念,其中以工具性资源为主的“人情”实践本质上即为“义”“利”混合的施报过程,以象征性资源为主的“面子”实践则具有比较明显的依“礼”行事之形式主义的“正名”特征,从而形成了工具差序性特殊主义之“人情”实践与象征和合性普遍主义之“面子”实践的糅合。而在个人主义文化中,则可以比较清晰地区分为特殊主义之“情感性关系”与普遍主义之“工具性关系”的不同关系类型。     

Political connections and corporate performance: Evidence from Pakistan

This study seeks to understand how political connections affect firm performance. Using a hand‐collected dataset of Pakistani firms from 2008–2014, our firm fixed effects and Heckman two‐stage regression results show that connected firms outperform those without political ties. Moreover, we show channels through which political benefits are realized in terms of greater access to debt, lower financing costs and lower tax rates. These benefits are found to be particularly large when firms are connected to politicians who held political positions most recently and firms connected through their owners. Finally, we do not find evidence for differences in political favours across regulated and unregulated industries.     

Personal debt crises: an economic approach

This article provides further empirical investigation, using an ongoing data-set, of the level of arrears experienced by debtors in crisis. Various extensions to the traditional choice model are reviewed as explanations for the presence of personal debt crises. The regression model shows significant effects of exogenous shocks and life cycle position on the level of debt. However, the most powerful explanation of the level of debt appears to be the degree of self-control (as captured by the over-commitment variable) a factor not normally included in studies of household behaviour. Future research is needed which attempts to capture the dimensions of personality associated with crisis debt and embed these in an econometric model.