Capital Controls,Public Debt and Currency Crises

This paper examines the possibility that, contrary to conventional wisdom, capital controls accelerate currency crises. Theoretical analysis shows that capital controls can constitute an additional burden on government budget and so bring forward the onset of crises. Since perfect capital mobility does not occur, domestic interest rates may deviate from world interest rates. High interest rates under capital controls create an additional cost of servicing outstanding domestic public debt, precipitating crises. Even though the government can delay crises with capital controls, welfare may be less than in a situation with perfect capital mobility.     

Price Rigidities, Inflationary Finance and Long-run Growth*

The paper considers a monopolistically competitive intertemporally optimizing monetary economy featuring long-term growth. Inflation is generated through sluggish price-setting and contributes to budgetary finance through seignorage. This setup permits exploration of the interaction between inflation and growth in a tractable way. Superneutrality holds in the long but not the short run. The budget deficit fuels inflation with a hysteresis. Growth and inflation are negatively correlated in the long run, with causality running from the former to the latter, and positively correlated in the short run regardless of the origin of shocks. Price flexibility precipitates adjustment but appears also to destabilize output.     

Capital Controls, Risk, and Liberalization Cycles

The paper presents an overlapping‐generations model where agents vote on whether to open or close the economy to international capital flows. Political decisions are shaped by the risk over capital and labor returns. In an open economy, the capitalists (old) completely hedge their savings income. In contrast, in a closed economy, the workers (young) partially insulate wages from the productivity shocks. There are three possible equilibrium outcomes: economies that eventually remain open; those that eventually remain closed; and those that cycle between open and closed. In line with the stylized facts, cycles are more common in economies with intermediate development levels.     

Unemployment, Factor Substitution and Capital Formation

Abstract. We incorporate a wage-bargaining structure in a dynamic general equilibrium model and show how this feature changes short- and long-run properties of equilibria compared with a perfectly competitive setting. We discuss how employment, capital and income shares respond to wage-setting shocks and show that adjustment dynamics depend decisively on the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between labour and capital. Values of the elasticity below unity add persistence, tend to preserve stability and lead to empirically plausible adjustment patterns. By contrast, values above unity introduce additional volatility, thereby making steady states potentially unstable.     

货币替代理论研究述评

货币替代是开放经济中所特有的一种货币性扰动,它会对一国的经济金融形势产生严重影响,如货币政策的独立性和有效性受到影响、政府的财政税基遭到削弱、汇率波动频繁、国际收支失衡、减缓甚至阻碍该国货币的自由兑换进程等。随着中国经济高速增长以及人民币的强烈升值预期,我国出现了人民币正在逐步替代外币美元的反向货币替代现象,同样对我国经济造成了一系列的冲击。本文首先从货币替代的定义、形成机制、经济影响、防范风险的对策等方面对国外文献进行了理论综述;然后,分析了国内学者对货币替代理论的研究,特别研究了我国在目前背景下出现的反向货币替代现象;最后在对国内外货币替代理论文献综述的基础上,对将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

资本管制与蒙代尔-弗莱明模型

经典的蒙代尔-弗莱明模型的前提假设过于苛刻，各国的实际情况往往跟该模型的前提假设有很大差距，笔者尝试拓宽M-F模型，深入明确地分析一下资本管制松紧程度不同对财政、货币政策效应产生的影响问题，以及冲销政策和资本管制对于“三元冲突”的影响问题。关键词：蒙代尔-弗莱明模型；资本管制；冲销政策；三元冲突；政策搭配     

互补、替代与转化:非正规金融与正规金融的关系

非正规金融以顽强的生命力自发产生于民间经济,但一直游离于国家金融体系建设规划之外,并因其所隐含的金融风险而备受质疑.非正规金融究竟是过渡性的制度安排,还是金融市场体系的有机构成?对这一问题的认识将直接影响我国关于非正规金融的政策效果.本文从历史的角度回顾了国内外非正规金融发展的经验,并探讨非正规金融与正规金融之间的关系,在此基础上提出对非正规金融所应持有的政策倾向.     

论人民币国际化进程中的货币替代

人民币国际化是一个从周边化、区域化到国际化,从国家货币、区域货币到国际货币的渐进动态过程.随着我国经济的快速发展和对外开放交流程度的提高,国内对美元等国际货币支付结算的需求增加,出现美元等替代人民币的"美元化",同时,随着中国-东盟自由贸易区的建立和发展,人民币在周边国家或地区的流通规模越来越大,进而出现替代周边国家货币的"人民币化"货币反替代现象.因而,货币替代与货币反替代也是人民币国际化渐进进程中的必然现象,而这种现象对我国经济的影响有利也有弊,本文对此加以分析并提出应对措施.     

Currency Substitution: A Multicurrency Study for Canada

In this paper we examine currency substitution in Canadian money demand ls-a-vis the currencies of seven industrialized countries. A multicurrency variant of the money demand function is estimated to test for the presence and extent of this substitution. The results (except for the British pound) conform to expectations and show complementarity between currencies. It is also found that the degree of currency substitution under flexible rates exceeds that under fixed rates. We also question the validity of the tests for the presence of currency substitution which do not distinguish between exchange rate regimes. [430]     

金融生态环境与资金流动

本文从理论和实证两方面分析了金融生态环境和资金流动的关系,总结出其中的规律,并提出了改善金融生态环境吸引资金流入的具体建议。     

汇率决定中的货币替代——以中国相关数据验证

在考虑汇率的影响因素时,传统的汇率决定理论主要是从一国的宏观基本因素进行分析.随着经济全球化的出现,货币的跨国流动规模越来越大,货币替代现象日益严重,对汇率的干扰也越来越强.本文在货币分析法的基础上加入货币替代因素,建立了一个简单的分析框架,并运用我国的相关数据对此进行检验,证实货币替代确实对汇率产生了很大的影响.     

货币替代适宜度分析

货币替代的发生是由于一国居民的客观经济需要造成的，反映了微观经济主体的经济利益；而过高的货币替代程度会对一国经济带来诸多不良影响，严重削弱一国政府的宏观控制能力。因此货币替代有一个最优程度区间，既可以满足居民的合理外币需求，又能保证一国宏观当局对经济的较强控制能力，就就是货币替代适宜度，本文首次明确提出了货币替代适宜度的概念，初步分析了货币替代适宜度的决定方法，并对我国货币替代提出了鲜明的观点。     

社会资本规制与产权安排的替代效用和替代规则

按照科斯定理的逻辑,可以证明社会资本规制与产权安排具有相互替代的效用;而两者之间的替代规则,可以在交易成本理论的平台上,从交易的频率、专用性、异质性三个维度进行刻画;对于现实中的社会资本规制和产权安排的互补现象,也可以通过交易成本递增和外部性分析,在满足两者效用替代的基础上得到解释。     

The Distorting Impact of Capital Controls

Abstract. This paper uses panel data to show that capital controls have a significant impact on international interest rate differentials. Various types of controls can be distinguished within the data. The analysis shows that the aforementioned effects of capital controls on interest rates are especially strong in the case of capital import controls on portfolio capital; the implementation of these controls has been suggested in the wake of the Asian Crisis to prevent further crises. The results presented herein contradict the hypothesis that capital controls can achieve a restructuring of the maturity of capital inflows without a distortion in international capital allocation.     

我国货币替代程度及其对经济的影响

随着经济全球化、一体化的发展，世界范围的货币替代现象已引起各国政府的高度重视。我国同样存在这一问题。应当运用货币替代理论分析当前美元化发展的现状和我国货币替代程度及其不利影响，并提出解决对策。     

Capital Controls,Global Liquidity Traps,and the International Policy Trilemma*

The zero bound on interest rates introduces a new dimension to the trilemma in international policy. The openness of the international financial market might render monetary policy ineffective, even within a system of fully flexible exchange rates, because shocks that lead to a liquidity trap in one country are propagated through financial markets to other countries. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be restored by the imposition of capital controls. We derive the optimal response of monetary policy to a global liquidity trap in the presence of capital controls. We show that, even though capital controls might facilitate effective monetary policy, capital controls are not generally desirable in terms of welfare.     

货币替代的非对称性实证分析

笔者利用2002年～2008年的月度数据分析了我国汇率与货币替代的关系, Chow检验发现2005年汇改前后货币替代发生了结构变化.含虚拟变量的局部调整模型表明实际有效汇率对货币替代的影响存在非对称性.2005年6月以前,实际有效汇率与货币替代正相关,我国经济增长不会影响货币替代;2005年7月汇改以后,实际有效汇率与货币替代负相关,且经济增长会影响我国的货币替代.