Investigation of damage and repair of a 1000 MTD horizontal ammonia converter

An operational upset caused by a diapharagm failure in the high pressure casting of the synthesis gas compressor resulted in major pressure/flow surges in the synthesis loop.     

Modernization of an ammonia plant safety shutdown system

The Agrium Redwater Nitrogen Operations Ammonia 2 plant underwent a phased project to upgrade and modernize its automatic safety shutdown system. Agrium incorporated the use of safety integrity levels in the functional design and detailed design of the safety shutdown system to ensure that all required protections were implemented in a safe and cost-effective manner. This article discusses the methodology used to determine the scope of the system, the methodology used to define the functional design, the implementation strategy chosen and the key lessons learned from the execution of this project. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 28:282–292, 2009     

Metallurgical examination of existing piping in an ammonia plant

Based on their previous problems and recent experiences at other ammonia plants, Columbia Nitrogen decided to inspect all high alloy piping containing hydrogen to determine if proper metallurgy had been used in piping and welds.     

Anhydrous ammonia explosion in an ice cream plant

Causes and consequences of the explosion where firefighters and an employee barely escaped death or serious injury in December 1983.     

Damage to and replacement of an ammonia storage tank foundation

An ammonia tank foundation suffered structural damage and was replaced. While foundation damage, soil freezing and tank movement were apparent, the failure-triggering event remains inconclusive though theorized to have been of seismic origin.     

Sensitivity of process risk to human error in an ammonia plant

Fault tree analysis evaluates the relationship between overall process risk and human failure probabilities. Based on this information, most critical areas of operator training and/or need for automatic systems are determined.     

Ammonia converter operation

Optimization for the operating conditions of Kellogg's four-stage adiabatic quench converter was achieved in a 1000 MTPD plant of Asean Aceh Fertilizer in Indonesia by adjusting the temperature profile through the catalyst beds with adjustments of quench flows.     

Health effects of ammonia

Extreme overexposure to ammonia can cause irreversible pulmonary damage. There is, however, no credible evidence that inhaling a small amount of ammonia leads to chronic lung impairment.     

Inspection of ammonia plants

Safe operation of an ammonia plant and high on-stream factor depend, to a large degree, on proper and timely inspection of the equipment to detect mechanical degradation. This paper addresses the inspection techniques, monitoring techniques, frequencies and interpretation of the results for all major pieces of equipment where problems have occurred in the past. This inspection can be a shutdown inspection or an on-stream inspection.     

数学模型在转炉中的研究与应用

转炉炼钢静态控制是转炉计算机的基本控制方式,副枪动态控制以静态控制为基础。针对转炉炼钢过程中复杂因素的影响,通过数学方法研究开发出一套转炉炼钢数学模型。静态模型包括终点控制模型、供氧模型、造渣模型、底吹模型；动态模型包括脱碳速度模型、钢水升温模型和冷却剂加入量模型。     

Commissioning of CIL's ammonia II plant

Special features of this process design contributed to fast start-up, including the role of the computer simulator for training purposes and the concept of commissioning by process test system.