Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Chile

This article analyzes the evolution of rural nonfarm employment (RNFE) and income in Chile during 1990–96. The data used come from the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN), and from a household survey undertaken by the authors in two municipalities in 1999. The latter contrasted two zones, very different in terms of economic dynamism and rural poverty. We show that during the period, RNFE and incomes increased 10% and 18%, respectively, in 1996, reaching 39% of rural employment and 41% of rural incomes. The rate of multiactivity (the share of households participating in more than one sector) was only 20%, lower than expected, indicating a tendency toward economic specialization in rural income strategies. The determinants of such employment are mainly household characteristics, in particular variables related to human capital, such as the age and gender of the household head, and the schooling of the household members, although also important are access to credit and physical capital. The level of nonfarm income of rural households is determined mainly by the economic context, in particular the economic level and dynamism of the overall zone and the quality of the roads. It is proposed that policies to develop RNFE should be geared to zone characteristics, and should in general favor investments in education, in roads, and in access to credit. Moreover, households headed by women should be the object of special attention. To promote such policies, it will be necessary to address important gaps and weaknesses in the public institutional structure.     

Rural Nonfarm Activities and Poverty in the Brazilian Northeast

This paper combines two complementary data sets to present a disaggregated spatial profile of poverty in the Brazilian Northeast, and to investigate the importance of nonagricultural activities for its rural dwellers. We present both univariate and multivariate profiles of nonagricultural employment and discuss its determinants. While the main occupational difference between the rural poor and the rural nonpoor in Brazil seems to be the greater reliance of the former on paid agricultural employment (vis-à-vis own cultivation), rather than access to nonagricultural activities, the evidence nevertheless suggests that diversification into this growing sector provides both an important complement to the budgets of the poor, and possibly a self-insurance mechanism against negative shocks. Despite the substantial heterogeneity of the sector, two general findings are robust: returns to education are comparatively high; and location in relation to urban areas is an important determinant of both employment and earnings in rural nonagricultural activities.     

Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Brazil: Patterns and Evolution

In decades past, a large contingent of workers left farms and small towns to move to the large cities of Brazil. But in the 1990s, not only has this flow subsided, but one even observes an “urbanization” of rural areas via a large increase in nonfarm activities in rural areas during the 1980s and 1990s, especially in the Center-West and Southeast regions of Brazil. Exclusively agricultural rural households have lower incomes than “multiactive households” (those with activities in both the farm and nonfarm sectors) and than nonfarm rural households. One even notes a significant reduction in the number of purely farm households over 1992–97 in all regions of the country.     

征地补偿与农村减贫

征地后农业收入及土地权益的减少会阻碍农户家庭经济水平的提高,但征地补偿的存在可以扩大农户生产经营的可选集,为持续提高农户家庭经济水平,促进农村减贫提供了必要前提。基于中国家庭收入调查中2013年的农村住户数据,文章设立了以家庭财富为基础的农户经济水平的衡量指标,并建立三元联合分布计量模型,在处理了内生性问题的基础上研究了征地和征地补偿对农户贫困的影响。研究发现,征地过程中减贫效应起主要作用,征地能够显著增加农户财富,促进农村减贫。征地的减贫效应存在异质性:征用宅基地形式下的减贫效应最为显著,征用耕地时效果则会下降;不同补偿方式下的减贫效应存在差异,资金补偿和非资金补偿组合下的征地减贫效应最强,而单独资金补偿的减贫效应最弱;征地减贫效应在东部地区、市场化水平较高的情况下及高财富农户中更加明显。处理效应结果表明资金补偿和非资金补偿的组合能够为农户带来最多的财富收益,具体为233578. 8元。最后文章还检验了征地的影响机制,发现征地补偿是征地减贫效应的重要实现途径之一,但不是唯一途径,补偿在征地的减贫效应中起部分中介作用,其效应所占比重约为59. 5%。文章结论表明政府征地不仅有助于国家现...     

Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Latin America: Overview and Policy Implications

Rural nonfarm employment (RNFE) and incomes (RNFI) are crucial to Latin American rural households. The 11 rural household income studies in this volume, reviewed in this paper, use 1990s data and show that RNFI averages 40% of rural incomes. RNFI and RNFE have grown quickly over the past three decades. The review of evidence provided some surprising departures from traditional images of nonfarm activities of Latin American rural households. In terms of shares of rural incomes: (1) nonfarm wage incomes exceed self-employment incomes; (2) RNFI far exceeds farm wage incomes; (3) local RNFI far exceeds migration incomes; (4) Service-sector RNFI far exceeds manufactures RNFI. These findings suggest the need for more development program attention to wage employment in the service sector, versus the traditional focus on small enterprise manufactures. Moreover, poor households and zones tend to have higher shares in their incomes but lower absolute levels of RNFI as compared to richer households and zones. The RNFE of the poor tend to be the low-paid nonfarm equivalent of semi-subsistence farming. Raising the capacity of the poor to participate in the better-paid types of RNFE is crucial — via employment skills training, education, infrastructure, credit. Finally, RNFE has grown fastest and been most poverty-alleviating where there are dynamic growth motors, in particular in the agricultural sector, but also in tourism, links to urban areas, mining and forestry. This means that developing RNF jobs cannot be done at the expense of programs promoting agricultural development.     

农村扶贫开发工作中的政府行为

如何改进政府行为，最大限度地提高扶贫效率，是当前和今后我国扶贫开发工作的核心问题之一。文章对我国农村扶贫开发工作中政府行为存在的问题和不足进行分析，是进一步改进我国农村扶贫开发工作的必然要求。     

The Determinants of Nonfarm Activities and Incomes of Rural Households in Mexico,with Emphasis on Education

This paper presents the main results of a study of the effects of education (as well as other household assets) on the choice of activities and incomes of rural Mexican households. Our study examines the various income sources, as well as the education of the household's head and its members. Implications are drawn for rural education and development policies to promote rural nonfarm incomes and employment.     

我国农村普惠金融的减贫增收效应研究——基于4023户农户微观数据的断点回归

文章利用全国27省份517个村庄的4023户农户微观调研数据,使用模糊断点回归方法,对农村普惠金融的贫困减缓效应和经济增长效应进行了实证检验。结果发现,在东部地区,普惠金融的发展降低了绝对贫困和相对贫困水平,促进了经济增长;在中部地区,普惠金融的发展有利于绝对贫困水平和相对贫困水平的下降,对于经济增长的促进效用不明显;在西部地区,普惠金融的发展有利于绝对贫困水平的下降,但增加了相对贫困并抑制了经济增长。基于此,文章提出在农村普惠金融的推广过程中,应注意其发展战略实施的区域差别化,以实现普惠金融积极效应的最大发挥。     

以科技创新助力脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴衔接

实现脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接,是现在和未来一段时间必须面对的重要课题.目前,脱贫攻坚成果巩固仍然面临着一些问题与窘境,如"空心村"和老龄化、扶贫产业缺乏科技含量和竞争力、消费扶贫语境下有些产品质次价高、一些地方发展主导产业时忽视生态环境等问题.为此,可以通过科技创新支撑巩固脱贫攻坚成果和助力乡村振兴,支撑农村和农业及非农产业发展,实现科技强农、科技助农、科技兴农和科技富农,推进传统资源依附型农业向智能依附型农业转变,打通科技创新助力实现两大战略有效衔接的通道.通过制度创新以及体制机制创新,营造技术创新成果转化和知识产权保护的良好环境,使人力资本向有条件的农村聚集,实现科技与产业、技术与农户的有效对接,最终以科技创新助力脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接.     

Rural Nonfarm Incomes in Nicaragua

This paper examines nonfarm incomes of rural Nicaraguan households using a nationwide survey (LSMS) from 1998. The key findings are as follows. (a) Rural nonfarm income (RNFI) constitutes 41% of rural household incomes. (b) RNFI is much more important than farm wage-labor income. (c) RNFI tends to be relatively concentrated geographically and socioeconomically, toward the rural areas of the Managua zone and the Rest-of-Pacific zone, which are denser in infrastructure and population, and toward the upper income quartile of rural households. This concentration implies high entry barriers and capital requirements for rural nonfarm activity that the poor are simply not equipped to overcome. Equipping the rural poor through training and acquisition of diverse forms of capital to have a chance at the higher return nonfarm jobs would be a major step toward helping them to share the benefits of the rural nonfarm economy. (d) Self-employment (small enterprise) income in manufactures is very minor, probably due to the ease of obtaining manufactured goods from urban industries and imports. Wage employment constitutes the bulk of RNFI (despite it receiving little attention in development programs and debate). (e) Three-quarters of RNFI is in the service sector, and only one-quarter is from manufactures; that can be contrasted with the emphasis on small manufactures enterprises in rural development programs and research. (f) Education, road access, as well as access to electricity and water were found to be important to nonfarm incomes.     

中国农村产业化扶贫模式探讨

产业化扶贫是近年来全国贫困地区正在实践的一种新型扶贫方式。文章对产业化扶贫开发中的五种模式进行了梳理,并对每种模式的成功案例进行了探讨,最后指出了实施产业化扶贫应注意的几个问题。     

基于组织嵌入型的农村小额信贷减贫模式

文章在借鉴前人研究的基础上,提出一个基于组织嵌入型的农村小额信贷减贫模式,以建立社区性的农民合作组织并嵌入到小额信贷减贫体系中,不仅可以推动小额信贷资金更为精确地＂瞄准＂＂发展型的穷人＂,而且还可以通过向金融机构和贫困农户提供服务,可以降低农村金融机构的信贷风险和贫困农户的经营风险,节约两者进行金融交易的成本,实现金融机构、合作组织和贫困农户三方的帕累托改进。     

宁夏回族自治区乡村旅游扶贫研究

乡村旅游扶贫是我国扶贫工作的重点。宁夏民族地区以其独特的自然优势将乡村旅游扶贫工作发挥的淋漓尽致,不仅帮助了贫困户实现脱贫,还带动了产业的转型。针对宁夏回族自治区为分析其贫困现状和导致贫困的原因进行了研究,以及展开对乡村旅游扶贫的优劣势和面临的阻碍。根据分析结果,探讨了宁夏乡村旅游扶贫的问题与对策。     

农村公益性文化扶贫工程建设的多维思考

开展农村公益性文化扶贫,是一项复杂的民生系统工程。针对我国广大贫困地区农村文化水平落后、农民文化生活单调贫乏、观念习俗滞后的现实,应切实提高认识,多策并举,推进农村公益性文化扶贫工程。这对于促进经济欠发达地区农村经济、文化与社会全面持续发展,从根本上改善和提高农民生活水平,具有重要的战略意义。     

精准扶贫与乡村建设解读——以广安市前锋区精准扶贫工作的调研为例

本文主要采用实地考察法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、逻辑分析法,对前锋区8镇3乡3街道下14个行政村进行抽样调查。得出以下结论:精准扶贫政策下农村经济产业链正在逐步形成;小额无息贷款为百姓产业发展保驾护航;国家对贫困人口住房改建提供大力支持,改善了人民的居住环境;敬老爱幼、帮扶弱残,是对华夏文化优良传统的继承和延续;饮水渠道多样化满足了百姓夏季干枯季节生活用水的需求;乡村文化建设缓慢,缺乏文化活力。根据现有问题提以如下建议:其一,国家政策应大力引导,严格把关;其二,未来新农村建设中乡村文化建设是重点之一,助力于坚定文化自信,建设富强、民主、文明、和谐的社会主义现代化国家,实现伟大复兴中国梦。     

我国农村扶贫政策的协调配套问题研究

扶贫是一项系统工程,扶贫效益的最大化有赖于各项政策之间的协调、配套。当前农村扶贫政策的协调配套问题比较突出,无论是财政投入、扶贫信贷资金投放、对扶贫龙头企业的扶持,还是对贫困地区人口自身发展能力的开发都存在着一些问题,某些惠农政策、生态工程以及社会保障等政策也还存在着对贫困地区关注不足的问题,因此,财政税收、金融、产业、人力资源、社会保障等各种政策的制定和实施过程中,都应考虑扶贫开发工作的实际需求,做好协调配套。这是提高扶贫效率的必然要求。     

西藏脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴战略有效衔接探究

乡村振兴战略是以习近平同志为核心的党中央破解新时代不平衡不充分发展问题,在精准扶贫的基础上推进城乡融合发展,实现农业农村现代化作出的重大决策部署。2019年底,西藏74个县(区)均已实现脱贫摘帽,脱贫攻坚取得重大胜利。当前,西藏正处在巩固脱贫攻坚成果与推进乡村振兴战略并行的特殊时期,如何实现二者有效衔接、融合发展,并形成相互支撑、相互配合、协同推进的良性互动格局,对巩固脱贫攻坚成果,全面推进乡村振兴,实现人民共同富裕至关重要。     

The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru

This paper shows that in Peruvian rural areas, there has been substantial growth over the past decade in household employment outside of own-farming. At present 51% of the net income of rural households comes from these off-farm activities, and thus they certainly cannot be considered as “marginal.” The reasons households diversify their incomes are several. Access to public assets such as roads and private assets such as education and credit is an important factor in diversification. Increasing access to these assets will help rural households to increase their self-employment as well as wage employment in the nonfarm sector.