旅游凝视:反思与重构

由于研究者对凝视的简单采借,导致旅游凝视经常被直接理解为旅游者的视觉体验或等同于福柯的权力理论.对于一个外来概念或理论,经过学术共同体成员的批判性思考,终将发展成旅游的内生化语言乃是旅游知识毋庸置疑的理论自觉过程,因此反思旅游凝视的重要性就日益凸显且无法回避.在回顾厄里的《旅游凝视》原作以及梳理相关文献的基础上,结合这一概念和理论所受的批评以及研究转向,认为厄里在非寻常架构下阐述的凝视应该还包括注意这一内涵,并强调旅游凝视的价值在于其是“旅游体验”的实现途径而非目的,从而明晰旅游凝视在旅游理论体系中的应有之义.     

Gender matters: Rethinking violence in tourism

The intersection of violence and gender matters in tourism, with violence being both a cause and consequence of gender inequality. This article establishes a conversation with the works of Judith Butler and Slavoj Žižek to rethink theories of violence and to develop a theoretical framework that captures the nuances and complexities of gender-based violence. Violence does not happen “elsewhere”, rather the potential for violence forms part of human relations. However, the violence inherent in tourism relations is seldom named. This article develops an original proposal of how to rethink conceptualizations of gender-based violence challenging the divide between subjective and objective violence to move the often obscured and ignored silences of gendered vulnerability centre stage to discussions of violence in tourism.     

Ecosophy and tourism: Rethinking a mountain resort

This paper explores how an ecosophically inspired tourism strategy could enhance a Scottish mountain recreational site threatened by climate change. Drawing on qualitative data, the paper focuses on three research questions concerning: the impact of current infrastructure and management strategies on tourist experiences; tourists’ current interpretations and desires; and how the notion of an ecosophically informed tourist attraction might be realised in the light of these experiences, interpretations and desires. Conclusions indicate that the site is a long way from being an ecosophically inspired tourism resort which might foster an engagement with nature. Insights are provided as to how this might be achieved. Critical to the paper is a consideration of how the ‘packaging’ of tourist experiences militates against a meaningful personal connection with the mountain environment.     

Rethinking slavery heritage tourism

This paper argues that the investigation of slavery heritage within a ‘thana’- or ‘dark’ tourism framework invariably fails to appreciate the subtleties, power relationships and various contestations that are at play in both the presentation and consumption of former Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) sites. Instead, the authors argue that a combination of Halbwachs’ collective memory theory and Tunbridge and Ashworth's concept of dissonant heritage can provide a deeper understanding of tourism linked to such sites. A study of TAST sites in Ghana identified six key groups of stakeholders involved in the interpretation of slavery heritage, each with its own agenda, desire to remember or forget slave memories and desire to compose different narratives. By analysing collective slave memories, the study proposes a framework that demonstrates that tourism to TAST-related sites is complex and nuanced because it relates to the nature of the historic event itself, intrinsic qualities of TAST-related sites in terms of current relevance and the closeness of the event or site to each stakeholder.     

Conference Announcement

Sporting texts are designed to prioritize, personalize and sensationalize characters in an attempt to capture audience attention. The sporting hero has traditionally been perceived of as epitomizing social ideals and masculine virtues, and as embodying values that learnt on the playing fields will readily transfer into everyday life. However, growing media intrusion signifies the contemporary sports star as a ‘damaged hero’ – the male sports celebrity exemplifying contemporary laddishness, drunken exploits, wife and girlfriend beatings and gay relationships, all of which influence the image of the modern day sports hero. In contrast, female sport stars are well documented as marginalized, trivialized and objectified, to the extent which sports heroines are both invisible and questionable as role models for young girls.

This article discusses ways in which sport stars are constructed as role models for young people. It cites instancing examples from the sports calendar of the ‘summer of sport’ 1996, in its discussion of the media construction of sports stars as villains, fools or heroes. It identifies the gender differentiated readings of sports stars as heroes and heroines and concludes that the ways in which media critics accord hero and role model status does not necessarily reflect the opinions of young people.     

Rethinking the sociology of tourism

Two principal general approaches to tourism are criticized. It is argued against the tendency to over generalize, to propose universal models and to conceive of the dynamics of tourism as a unilinear process. Instead, a multiplicity of types, different typologies and a multilinear approach to the dynamics of tourism should be favored. It is further argued that conceptual schemes should be further elaborated, illustrating the argument by an elaboration of MacCannell's fundamental concepts. The article emphasizes the need for some basic problems in tourism research to be reformulated; it proposes a strategy for research which, while preserving theoretical pluralism and eclecticism, will safeguard continuity and the ability to generalize by developing a common research style for the sociology of tourism.     

Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience

This paper aims at a conceptual clarification of the meanings of authenticity in tourist experiences. Three approaches are discussed, objectivism, constructivism, and postmodernism, and the limits of object-related authenticity are also exposed. It is suggested that existential authenticity is an alternative source in tourism, regardless of whether the toured objects are authentic. This concept is further classified into two different dimensions: intra-personal and inter-personal. This demonstrates that existential authenticity can explain a greater variety of tourist experiences, and hence helps enhance the explanatory power of the authenticity-seeking model in tourism.     

Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda

Understanding the social impacts of tourism on communities is extremely important for government at all levels so that action can be taken to reduce the likelihood of a community backlash against tourists and tourism development. Given that the residents of many tourism destinations are a fundamental part of the tourism ‘product’, resident attitudes and behaviour have a sizable impact on the success or otherwise of a destination. Research on the social impacts of tourism on communities is substantial and ongoing and while advances have been made in the area, the research has not addressed some of the deep seated issues faced by tourist destinations. This paper provides a critique of the social impact of tourism literature, highlighting the inadequacies in the research that has been conducted to date, which then leads to the development of a new conceptual framework. The paper traces the key developments in social impact research and argues that the predominance of quantitative methods potentially limits our ability to gain a more in-depth understanding of the impacts and how they influence both the host community and tourists. The paper finds that the quantitative focus from previous social impact research has led to a narrow understanding of the issues surrounding social impacts and proposes a new research agenda based on ‘layers’ of social impact understanding through the use of ethnography or phenomenology. The paper concludes with recommendations to progress social impact research beyond simply describing the issues towards explanations of why they occur by suggesting that social impact research examine, in greater depth, the values and intrinsic characteristics of the host residents.     

凝视,还是对话?——对游客凝视理论的反思

本文回顾了游客凝视的内涵,认为无论是游客凝视,还是东道主凝视、双向凝视,都将游客及东道主置于"一方对另一方的权力"的场景中,时主客双方发展和谐的文化关系十分不利.本文认为,主客之间平等、公正、互重的关系是建立在"对话"基础上的,主客双方从"我-它"走向"我-你",从凝视走向对话,更有利于唤起东道主的文化自觉,有利于建立起主客之间新型的文化关系.     

Rethinking standards from green to sustainable

Tourism certification has emerged as a tool to reduce environmental impacts and gain competitive advantage, and been promoted on the basis of efficiency-based eco-savings. This paper explores the successes and challenges of five programs operating partly or wholly in developing countries that have introduced socioeconomic criteria to complete the triple bottom line of sustainability. The analysis suggests that social standards are ambiguous; the assessment methodologies are inconsistent and open to interpretation; there is considerable variation on what is understood as sustainable depending on the type of tourism companies targeted; and the programs working more intensely on social issues will have the greatest challenges to expand.     

反思中国饭店职业教育

文章认为 ,中国饭店职业教育在以下三方面明显存在不足 ,即课程设置上基础课比重偏大 ,专业课比重偏小 ;在教材上强调理论有余 ,而重视实践不足 ;在教师来源上强调知识型而非实践型。文章认为职业意识和职业习惯的养成是饭店职业教育的灵魂。     

Rethinking Internal Consistency in Cronbach's Alpha

Stress is one byproduct of hectic and busy lives. Therefore, examining active living and leisure in relation to stress and coping offers an important area of study. This paper presents key findings from a multi-year qualitative study of stress and coping. A series of focus groups were conducted with diverse residents of a western Canadian city including: (a) Aboriginal individuals with diabetes, (b) individuals with disabilities, and (c) people who identified as gay or lesbian. The findings emphasized that active leisure is more than physical activity, and that less physical forms of leisure should not be undervalued in the conceptualization of active living and leisure. Coping with stress using active leisure encompassed a wide range of meanings (e.g., spiritual, social, cultural, altruistic, empowerment).     

旅游体验研究的再思

文章将"体验-世界"的关系作为旅游分析的核心概念.通过词源梳理,对体验与经验的概念进行了必要的区分.分析指出,词源上体验应被理解为是对某物的经验.在对Heidegger栖居思想与世界的观念的解析中,研究指出体验即对艺术的经验,由此得出三组命题:(1)艺术揭示世界;(2)对艺术的经验发生在世界与大地的争执当中;(3)经验艺术的形式是一种游戏的方式.结合前人分析,研究就旅游体验的内涵做了定义上的补充:旅是去远,游是游戏.在游戏论的框架下分析指出:旅游世界的封闭是由其观赏者来完成的.相比其他参与者,作为与戏者及观赏者出现的旅游者,在旅游及游戏的三元结构(游戏者-游戏-观赏者)中更具有一种方法论上的优先性.以上观念的提出为旅游体验阐释框架的建构提供出了一种新的可能.     

Toward The Perspective Of Cognitive Destination Image And Destination Personality: The Case Of Beijing

Destination personality, as a viable metaphor of destination marketing, has attracted considerable attention, although empirical studies on this concept remain few. Based on tourism marketing literature, a model depicting the relationships among cognitive destination image, destination personality, and behavioral intentions is proposed. Using an on-site survey of 500 foreign tourists visiting Beijing, an emerging destination, the current study empirically validates that (a) competence, excitement, sophistication, and ruggedness are four building blocks of destination personality; (b) built environment, socially responsible environment, and local people are important in projecting destination personality; and (c) destination personalities—such as competence, excitement, and sophistication—drive tourists' behavioral intentions. The current study provides theoretical implication for knowledge advancement and managerial implications for destination marketing.     

SARS让我们对旅游研究进行反思

“中国旅游发展笔谈”一直是本刊“中国旅游发展研究”栏目中的一个相对固定专栏。本期在为“笔谈”组稿时 ,SARS与中国旅游发展研究的话题自然成为我们的关注点。约稿过程中得知有的人士已经撰写了长篇文章作出深度思考 ,这已不是短短一两千字的笔谈形式所能包容的。因此 ,为了集中反映这些思考 ,本期特设“SARS与中国旅游发展研究专题” ,以飨读者