对西部退耕还林若干问题的再认识

陡坡耕地的水土流失对生态环境和农业可持续发展构成双重压力,退耕还林势在必行.目前,退耕还林工程已经在全国很多地区实施,并取得了显著成效.但是,在工程实施过程中,有些地区不能正确理解退耕还林的真正内涵,出现了一些片面的认识和做法,影响了工程的建设.为保证退耕还林工作的顺利进行,本文就退耕还林的若干问题,如退耕还林的目标、作用、规模、政策以及和其他生态工程的关系等,进行了探讨.     

从退耕还林政策与土地征用政策之比较论退耕还林政策的可持续性

土地征用政策和退耕还林政策都是国家为了特定目的需要将农用地(耕地)转为非农用地(工业用地和林地、草地)的强制性政策,但是在实施中却产生了不同的结果。文章在分析土地征用政策和退耕还林政策共性的基础上,从权力的转移与约束、对农民的补偿、合同的可逆性、对政府的影响和政策实施效果等五个方面对退耕还林政策和土地征用政策进行了比较分析。通过分析比较的基础上,提出了保证退耕还林政策可持续性的实施建议。     

证券公司融资问题分析

证券公司的资金实力决定着其在整个证券市场的运作能力。一个健康通畅的证券公司融资体系能够保证证券公司充分发挥金融中介机构的作用。拓宽证券公司融资渠道 ,优化证券公司融资结构 ,从而改善证券公司的资金运作状况 ,有利于证券公司和证券市场的可持续发展。     

试论中小企业融资存在的问题及对策

改革开放30年来,我国中小企业取得了迅猛的发展势头,并对我国的国民经济、生活水准的提高以及社会的和谐稳定起到了不可估量的作用.融资作为中小企业内部管理机制中的一个重要因素,对增强企业市场竞争力具有举足轻重的作用.中小企业是我国国民经济的重要构成因素,时社会主义现代化建设起着重要砟用,因此,增强中小企业融资刻不容缓.但是,随着我国中小企业的发展,诸多问题也逐渐暴露出来,特别是中小企业融资困难的问题,己成为阻碍我国中小企业发展的绊脚石.本文详细地分析了中小企业融资难的各种原因,并提出了解决的措施.     

退耕还林专项资金管理与使用中存在的问题及对策

退耕还林是国家近年来实施的一项重大战略决策,国家为此投入了大量的专项资金,该项资金在使用与管理过程中还存在有弄虚作假、截留挪用、巧立名目搭车收费、地方项目配套工作经费不到位等现象。文章结合工作实践,对退耕还林专项资金管理与使用中存在的上述问题进行了剖析,分析其产生的原因,并提出了有针对性的解决办法和对策。     

浅析中小企业财务管理存在的问题与对策

近年来,我国经济发展取得了较大的成就,中小企业作为我国经济发展的重要力量,发挥了十分积极的作用。然而,在中小企业发展的过程中,由于忽视了财务管理的重要性,导致很多中小企业财务问题突出,甚至面临着很多财务危机,严重影响了中小企业的后续发展。文章着重描述了我国目前中小企业的财务管理现状,重点分析了中小企业财务管理中所面临的主要问题,并针对这些问题提出了一些改善措施和有效对策。     

中国高科技中小企业融资实践过程存在的问题初探

企业缺乏诚信。投资难于做出投资决策。在高科技中小企业融资过程中,一些企业缺少诚信,利用高科技背景,其技术知识壁垒性强的特点,对投资项目进行刻意包装、宣传误导,诱导投资注资。在企业融资过程中,为达到融资目的,还出现做假帐、做假合同、假订单、偷税漏税的行为。有的企业为达到上市(如香港创业板)圈钱目的,会同会计师事务所编造、美化会计报表;有的融资企业商业计划书报给投资方的团队组合非常豪华,但实际上这个公司可能只有一两个人;有的公司虽然宣告成立了,但是它的资金并没有到位。     

要重视解决企业融资难问题

资金是企业的血液,没有足够的资金,企业的生存和发展就没有保障,因而融资便成为保证企业再生产的一个重要环节。然而目前我国的市场经济体系尚不够成熟完善,企业普遍出现资金不足、融资渠道单一的局面,尤其在我国中小企业的资金融通上更是困难重重,严重制约着中小企业的生产经营,解决中小企业融资问题已刻不容缓。 　　一、提高自身积累,开拓企业内源融资渠道 　　中小企业应加强经营管理和内部挖潜,注重市场调研,摒除资金投向上的盲目性,提高资金使用效率,强化自身积累机制。中小企业组织层次少、上下级关系密切、内部交流多、…     

退耕还林后农民的保障问题研究

自从我国进行生态经济建设以来,各地的退耕还林也取得了很好的成就,但是,要处理好农民和生态经济建设的关系还较少提到。值得注意的是,要更好地进行生态经济建设,巩固好已取得的成果,解决好农民的社会保障问题是关键。文章分析了退耕农户的基本情况,找出存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

按市场要求推进农业产业结构的转换与升级

在市场经济条件下,市场将是实现资源配置的基本力量和主要手段,由此决定了市场必然是推进农村产业结构的转换升级的强大动力和主要途径。因此,我们在推进农村产业结构转换升级的过程中,要充分发挥市场机制的作用,切实做到以市场为导向,面向市场,依靠市场,遵循市场经济的规律,借助市场调节的力量。对农村经济（包括乡镇企业）中落后的、过剩的、不符合市场需求的生产能力,要通过市场机制优胜劣汰或对其进行转换;对先进的、有巨大潜力和广阔发展前景的产业和产品,则要通过创造良好的市场环境,促进其成长与发展,特别是当农业进入…     

三峡库区水体生态安全问题及对策

三峡库区水体生态环境虽然在长江源区和三峡库区实施了综合治理，情况得到缓解，但目前情况依然严峻，随着南水北调工程的实施，三峡地区的环境问题将对长江中下游地区，乃至华北地区的生态安全均造成威胁，事关全局，必须加强综合治理力度，全面实施六大工程，完善三大机制，恢复生态平衡，维护水体生态安全。     

Cost-utility analysis of the rehabilitation of patients with musculoskeletal problems

The objective of this study is to discuss the rehabilitation of patients in primary health care with problems in the musculoskeletal system from a socioeconomic perspective. A trial with coordinated rehabilitation in primary health care is compared with traditional rehabilitation. This trial, performed in Sweden in 1994, was a two-year prospective and comparative study of consecutively included patients with long-term illnesses due musculoskeletal problems (810 observations). A cost-utility analysis shows that the new rehabilitation program in primary health care is a cost-minimization program for society. There is no significant difference in the quality of life between the trial and control groups. The total cost is lower for rehabilitation in primary health care than for traditional rehabilitation (6 percent). The indirect costs are higher than the direct health care costs (60 percent), and payments from social insurance increased by 8 percent. The health economic results support rehabilitation in primary health care but also points out that this type of rehabilitation can be further improved.     

黑龙江省大兴安岭国有林权制度改革研究

通过对国内外国有林权制度改革的理论研究,结合大兴安岭地区林权改革现状和存在问题的探索,不仅可以发现国有林权制度改革中仍需解决的问题,为大兴安岭地区进一步深化改革提供重要依据及具体政策建议,还可以通过总结其经验与不足为其他省份提供参考.     

Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women's participation in community forest governance

Would enhancing women's presence in community institutions of forest governance improve resource conservation and regeneration? This paper focuses on this little addressed question. Based on the author's primary data on communities managing their local forests in parts of India and Nepal, it statistically assesses whether the gender composition of a local forest management group affects forest conservation outcomes, after controlling for other characteristics of the management group, aspects of institutional functioning, forest and population characteristics, and related factors. It is found that groups with a high proportion of women in their executive committee (EC)—the principal decision-making body—show significantly greater improvements in forest condition in both regions. Moreover, groups with all-women ECs in the Nepal sample have better forest regeneration and canopy growth than other groups, despite receiving much smaller and more degraded forests. Older EC members, especially older women, also make a particular difference, as does employing a guard. The beneficial impact of women's presence on conservation outcomes is attributable especially to women's contributions to improved forest protection and rule compliance. More opportunity for women to use their knowledge of plant species and methods of product extraction, as well as greater cooperation among women, are also likely contributory factors.     

Non-convexities from probing in adaptive control problems

Computer codes for solving adaptive control problems frequently contain gradient methods. However, due to the presence of non-convexities in the cost function these codes may frequently obtain local rather than global optimum. This note uses the decomposition of the dynamic programming cost-to-go into deterministic, cautionary, and probing terms to show the source of the non-convexity in an example problem and to conjecture that such non-convexities may stem from fundamental properties of the probing term.     

Gains from configuration: The transboundary protected area as a conservation tool

Nearly two hundred transboundary protected areas comprise a portion of the global conservation landscape the size of India, with further expansion anticipated. Proponents claim that transboundary protected areas outperform isolated protected areas in achieving conservation objectives, while regional case studies have led critics to challenge this claim. Empirical investigation into the relative performance of transboundary protected areas is fundamentally limited since these areas cannot be directly compared to the isolated protected areas that might otherwise have emerged in the same location. This paper develops a game theory model of park formation to compare counterfactual transboundary and isolated protected areas. The model suggests that under certain conditions, transboundary protected areas can achieve greater conservation and production objectives, even in the absence of international cooperative park management. The paper establishes five sufficient conditions for transboundary protected areas to provide greater national welfare, domestic conservation value, or global conservation value than counterfactual isolated protected areas. These conditions are tested for three common conservation objectives. The results suggest that when the objective of conservation is species persistence or interior habitat, conservation groups should encourage transboundary protected areas. However, when the objective of conservation is to extend reserve coverage to the maximum number of species, conservation groups should encourage protected areas where species richness is greatest, whether or not these areas span international borders.     

中国的生态安全问题

生态安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，并且是国防安全、政治安全和经济安全的基础。从全球范围来看，生态环境对国家安全的影响是目前世界上许多国家关心的焦点问题之一。生态环境退化如果同人口、种族等因素相接合，就可能造成暴力冲突。它不仅可以影响一个国家内部的政治稳定，还可能导致民族之间、国家之间的战争，从而影响到地区稳定和国防安全。由于生态环境影响跨地域、跨国界，许多西方国家已将确保健康的环境质量和充足的自然资源纳入其国家利益和国家安全的范畴之内，生态安全和所谓的环境冲突可能成为其干涉他国内部事务的新借口。…     

泛长三角承接长三角新一轮产业转移的思考

本文围绕当前长三角向泛长三角地区产业转移分析,阐述产业集群和集群式转移、产品价值链分工的趋势的出现,使得新一轮产业转移已不再只是由资源票赋优势决定的梯度转移,承接产业转移的难度在不断加大。文章提出泛长三角借助长三角此轮产业转移走出去,拓展生存与发展空间的相应的对策。     

The (in)stability of money demand in the euro area: lessons from a cross-country analysis

The instability of standard money demand functions has undermined the role of monetary aggregates for monetary policy analysis in the euro area. This paper uses country-specific monetary aggregates to shed more light on the economics behind the instability of euro area money demand. Our results obtained from panel estimation indicate that the observed instability of standard money demand functions could be explained by omitted variables like e.g. technological progress that are important for money demand but constant across member countries.