对冲基金、对冲策略以及市场中性

本文梳理了对冲基金的概念、特征及对冲策略,指出市场中性是这些对冲策略普遍存在的内在一致性要求。在此基础上,本文进一步讨论了市场中性策略的收益来源,分析了市场中性策略的做空优势,指出对冲策略拓宽了传统组合边界。     

对冲基金投资绩效评价指标研究

本文采用瑞士信贷的对冲基金指数对27个绩效指标进行实证检验,发现对冲基金投资策略基本能跑赢市场,并且绩效具有可持续性,但是并不符合Schuhmacher和Eling夏普比率的排序一致。究其原因是对冲基金的收益分布集中,具有低方差、高峰、负偏的特性,t location scale据。该分布虽然可以变换为标准分布,但是不同的投资策略具有不同的自由度。不一致的排序带来了指标的适用性问题,研究表明不宜单独用风险指标进行评价,比较可靠的评价指标是alpha获取收益的能力。     

考虑生存偏差现象的我国封闭式基金绩效持续性研究

生存偏差是进行我国封闭式基金绩效研究不可忽视的问题。本文选取2001-2009年我国54只契约型封闭式基金为样本,研究了生存偏差对封闭式基金绩效持续性的影响。结论认为,我国封闭式基金生存偏差效应显著为负,所估计得到的生存偏差效应值介于每年-4.97%至-0.34%之间;退市基金规模较小、绩效较高是导致这一结论的主要原因;同时,研究发现,生存偏差会减弱封闭式基金绩效持续性。     

金融风暴后的对冲基金

自瑞银证券提出《2009年10个出乎意料的事》以来,投资者就一直在思考新兴市场能否重拾平价价值的问题。在过去,随着新兴市场的快速发展,这些市场的市盈率水平已经可以参考发达国家,不过这一状况自2008年10月后出现了逆转,从所谓的高估值变成了高折价。美国对冲基金研究机构(HFRI)的研究表明,全球投资人在2008年底呈现强烈的风险回避意愿,对冲基金从新兴市场中撤出了创记录的资本金。     

我国本土对冲基金形成发展探析

本文通过分析国际对冲基金的发展现状及其性质,并结合我国当前实际——私募基金规模不断增大,金融市场逐步开放等,分析我国本土对冲基金的形成条件和未来发展中的相关问题。     

对冲基金：新兴市场的喜与忧

金融危机之前,新兴市场国家可以说是对冲基金眼中的风水宝地,而危机爆发后,为了弥补流动资金和资本金的不足,对冲基金被迫平仓以搬资回国救急。但如今,当金融危机的“最坏时期已经过去”,对冲基金又重新将眼光转移到了新兴市场这一“价值洼地”身上。     

美国对冲基金

一、对冲基金探源 对冲基金在美国有很长的历史。最早记录在案的对冲基金名为 AR Jones,发行于1949年,至今仍活跃在金融市场上。 当这种基金在美国首次出现的时候,因为被准予做空头交易,从而具备了套期保值,控制风险的能力,“对冲基金”即由此得名。     

对冲基金的运作、影响及对策

对冲基金的发展迄今有近50年的历史,它具有如下特点:(1)杠杆投资;(2)运用期权、股指、利率互换等衍生工具进行复杂组合,全面投机;(3)采用有限合伙制,以私募来筹集资金;(4)受到的监管较小.从对冲基金的投资策略可以看出,它对投资领域和金融体系都产生较大影响.因此,当务之急是吸取教训,研究对策,化被动为主动,完善国际金融体系,规避金融风险.     

The Secondary Market for Hedge Funds and the Closed Hedge Fund Premium

Rational theories of the closed‐end fund premium puzzle highlight fund share and asset illiquidity, managerial ability, and fees as important determinants of the premium. Several of these attributes are difficult to measure for mutual funds, and easier to measure for hedge funds. This paper employs new data from a secondary market for hedge funds, discovers a closed‐hedge fund premium that is highly correlated with the closed‐end mutual fund premium, and shows that the closed‐hedge fund premium is well explained by variables suggested by rational theories. Sentiment‐based explanations do not find support in the data.     

Emerging Market Exposures and the Predictability of Hedge Fund Returns

We examine emerging market and global macro hedge funds and find a significant positive relation between hedge funds’ future returns and their exposure to both emerging market equities and emerging market currencies. We present evidence that the strong predictive power of emerging market betas is related to the superior market‐timing ability of these fund managers. Results are robust after controlling for commonly used hedge fund factors, the emerging market equity index, lagged fund returns, liquidity risk, and fund characteristics. Our results suggest that hedge funds can earn positive excess returns by timing their exposure to emerging market securities.     

Role of Managerial Incentives and Discretion in Hedge Fund Performance

Using a comprehensive hedge fund database, we examine the role of managerial incentives and discretion in hedge fund performance. Hedge funds with greater managerial incentives, proxied by the delta of the option-like incentive fee contracts, higher levels of managerial ownership, and the inclusion of high-water mark provisions in the incentive contracts, are associated with superior performance. The incentive fee percentage rate by itself does not explain performance. We also find that funds with a higher degree of managerial discretion, proxied by longer lockup, notice, and redemption periods, deliver superior performance. These results are robust to using alternative performance measures and controlling for different data-related biases.     

Careers and Survival: Competition and Risk in the Hedge Fund and CTA Industry

Investors in hedge funds and commodity trading advisors (CTAs) are concerned with risk as well as return. We investigate the volatility of hedge funds and CTAs in light of managerial career concerns. We find an association between past performance and risk levels consistent with previous findings for mutual fund managers. Variance shifts depend upon relative rather than absolute fund performance. The importance of relative rankings points to the importance of reputation costs in the investment industry. Our analysis of factors contributing to fund disappearance shows that survival depends on absolute and relative performance, excess volatility, and on fund age.     

Hedge Fund Activism, Corporate Governance, and Firm Performance

Using a large hand-collected data set from 2001 to 2006, we find that activist hedge funds in the United States propose strategic, operational, and financial remedies and attain success or partial success in two-thirds of the cases. Hedge funds seldom seek control and in most cases are nonconfrontational. The abnormal return around the announcement of activism is approximately 7%, with no reversal during the subsequent year. Target firms experience increases in payout, operating performance, and higher CEO turnover after activism. Our analysis provides important new evidence on the mechanisms and effects of informed shareholder monitoring.     

Hedge Fund Risk Dynamics: Implications for Performance Appraisal

Accurate appraisal of hedge fund performance must recognize the freedom with which managers shift asset classes, strategies, and leverage in response to changing market conditions and arbitrage opportunities. The standard measure of performance is the abnormal return defined by a hedge fund's exposure to risk factors. If exposures are assumed constant when, in fact, they vary through time, estimated abnormal returns may be incorrect. We employ an optimal changepoint regression that allows risk exposures to shift, and illustrate the impact on performance appraisal using a sample of live and dead funds during the period January 1994 through December 2005.     

对冲基金界说

伴随着20世纪90年代一系列金融危机的发生,研究对冲基金的重要性日益凸显.对冲基金是指通过非公开方式向少数富裕个人和机构投资者募集资金而设立的,对包含对冲、杠杆等在内的投资策略的使用不受或很少受到限制,基金经理通常也作为基金的一个主要投资者,具有以绝对回报为中心的业绩提成费用结构的投资资本组合.对冲基金的特点主要包括:募集方式的非公开性和募集时象的特定性、投资策略的高度复杂性、奖励性佣金结构的特殊性、杠杆投资和收益的杠杆性、信息披露义务的相对宽松性以及操作的灵活性等.我国发展对冲基金既有可能性,又有必然性.     

Seasonality, Market Timing and Performance Amongst Benchmarks and Mutual Fund Evaluation

Abstract:  Mutual fund performance is normally measured by comparing results of active management with those obtained by one or several benchmarks that should represent the fund's investment. In this context, this paper examines the effect on mutual fund assessment if a relevant benchmark is omitted. This effect is analysed in three elements of active management: stock selection, market timing, and seasonality. The latter is defined as fund management at specific moments of time with the objective of achieving positive abnormal returns to improve performance. For a sample of Spanish mutual funds, we find that the omission of style benchmarks, particularly that corresponding to small-cap stocks, leads to greater evidence of negative market timing and positive seasonality at year beginning. However, the positive abnormal returns of the seasonality at year end, month end and especially at the beginning of July hold regardless of benchmark omission. The paper therefore also analyses the relation between performance and seasonality, finding that positive seasonality at year beginning and at July beginning improves performance; however, at other moments it implies a possible window dressing strategy in mutual fund management.     

对冲基金新特点及其对中国资本市场的影响

1997年亚洲金融危机以后,由于人们普遍认为对冲基金是这次危机的罪魁祸首,对冲基金格外受到各国的关注。近几年来,对冲基金表现出了新的特点,随着中国对外开放的扩大,对冲基金必然要影响中国的资本市场。近期看,对冲基金对中国的资本市场不会有太大的影响;从长远看,对冲基金进入中国资本市场是迟早的事情。而对冲基金的运作模式,将对我国金融体制改革的深化和资本市场的发展起到很好的借鉴作用。     

Hedge Fund Involvement in Convertible Securities

Convertible arbitrage hedge funds combine long positions in convertible securities with short positions in the underlying stock. In effect, hedge funds use their knowledge of the borrowing and short‐sale market to hedge themselves while distributing equity exposure to a large number of well‐diversified investors through their short positions. The authors argue that many “would‐be” equity issuers that would otherwise pay high costs in a secondary equity issue choose instead to issue convertible debt to hedge funds that in turn distribute equity exposure to institutional investors. This allows companies to receive “equity‐like” financing today at lower cost than a secondary equity offering. The authors' findings also suggest that more convertibles will be privately placed with hedge funds when issuer and market conditions suggest that shorting costs will be lower.