数据包络分析在高技术产业技术效率评价中的应用研究

采用2010年中国高技术产业地区数据,应用DEA方法,实证测评了高技术产业技术效率。研究发现:中国高技术产业技术效率整体处于较低水平,且纯技术效率不高是制约技术效率提升的主要原因;中国大部分地区高技术产业发展呈现规模报酬递增的特性;通过投影分析为各区域调整创新资源投入进而达到DEA有效提供依据。     

A DEA estimation of a lower bound for firms’ allocative efficiency without information on price data

In this paper, we estimate a lower bound for the sum of firms’ allocative efficiencies in the absence of information on prices. For this purpose, we only estimate technical efficiency at both the firm and the industry level using a directional distance function and choosing a relevant direction. Our result relies on the decomposition of overall inefficiency into technical and allocative inefficiency at both the firm and the industry level. The convexity of a technology induces a transfer from both total technical inefficiency and part of allocative inefficiency at the firm level to technical inefficiency solely at the industry level. The remaining firms’ allocative inefficiency could be counted at the industry level. Hence, the difference between technical inefficiencies at both levels can be interpreted as a lower bound for the sum of allocative inefficiency in the industry. We show how to implement this bound in a DEA framework.     

Constraint-based ACO for a shared resource constrained scheduling problem

We consider a scheduling problem arising in the mining industry. Ore from several mining sites must be transferred to ports to be loaded on ships in a timely manner. In doing so, several constraints must be met which involve transporting the ore and deadlines. These deadlines are two-fold: there is a preferred deadline by which the ships should be loaded and there is a final deadline by which time the ships must be loaded. Corresponding to the two types of deadlines, each task is associated with a soft and hard due time. The objective is to minimize the cumulative tardiness, measured using the soft due times, across all tasks. This problem can be formulated as a resource constrained job scheduling problem where several tasks must be scheduled on multiple machines satisfying precedence and resource constraints and an objective to minimize total weighted tardiness. For this problem we present hybrids of ant colony optimization, Beam search and constraint programming. These algorithms have previously shown to be effective on similar tightly-constrained combinatorial optimization problems. We show that the hybrid involving all three algorithms provides the best solutions, particularly with respect to feasibility. We also investigate alternative estimates for guiding the Beam search component of our algorithms and show that stochastic sampling is the most effective.     

基于DEA的我国钢铁企业节能减排潜力研究

本文基于数据包络分析(DEA)的基础理论和方法,从不期望产出的角度出发,将钢铁产业污染物排放作为一种非期望输入引入到数据包络分析模型中,并将该模型应用于我国钢铁产业生态效率评价及节能减排潜力的研究。研究结论表明,我国各钢铁企业生态效率总体上不高,但呈现出逐渐增强的趋势;通过进一步的钢铁企业效率改进分析得知,我国钢铁企业还存在着较严重的投入拥挤和产出不足现象,仅从钢铁企业的47家样本来看,我国钢铁企业有着巨大的节能减排潜力。     

Environmentally responsible inventory models: Non-classical models for a non-classical era

Mathematical models of inventory typically include the three inventory associated costs of surplus, shortage and ordering. These classic inventory models are then analysed so as to choose inventory parameters that usually minimise the total cost of operating the inventory system being investigated.Unfortunately, classic inventory models do not provide a meaningful basis for analysing many real and increasingly important practical inventory problems and situations. It is therefore not surprising that over recent years, several authors have discussed these issues in broad terms and suggested that a new paradigm needs to be developed.This paper develops some specific aspects of this discussion. In particular, the paper identifies a range of inventory problems that are not covered appropriately by traditional inventory analysis. One of these is to design responsible inventory systems, i.e. systems that reflect the needs of the environment. The paper then examines the importance of inventory planning to the environment in greater detail. For example, packaging is important, not only because of its costs and the protection that it provides to the inventory items, but also because of its eventual effects on the environment in terms of the use of resources and potential landfill. For similar reasons, waste, which can result from poor inventory management, is highly important. The location of stores is important because location affects transport costs. Thus the influence of the secondary aspects of most inventory models; packaging, waste and location are important but, even more important are the inter-relations with the total system. In particular, the location of the manufacturing plants and the effect that inventory planning has on the logistics chain, potentially have considerable environmental implications. Inventory is part of a wider system.However, until the cost charged for an activity reflects the true environmental cost of that activity, it is likely that decisions will be made on the basis of erroneous data. In that situation, we are faced with either determining the environmental cost of specific actions or to use environmental costs that are somewhat contrived; in which case it may be more sensible to use very different performance measures and models. The paper discusses these ideas and ways in which inventory policies may reassure us with our environmental concerns.     

Planning for dominance: a strategic perspective on the emergence of a dominant design

Researchers in technology and innovation, organization research, and product standardization in economics have noted that innovations may become the dominant designs in their product classes for reasons that may have little to do with design. The emergence process for dominant designs has typically been viewed as a black box process involving a sophisticated interaction of technological and non-technological factors. This paper shifts the discussion to a strategic perspective. It argues that firms can frame the emergence process and can systematically manage elements of it in the pursuit of competitive advantage from innovation. An analytical framework is developed and discussed, with particular emphasis on the roles of certain external conditions, non-technological forces, and complementary assets, as well as the implications for R&D strategists and for future research. Four distinctive examples illustrate different aspects of the framework's utility.     

Improving bid efficiency for humanitarian food aid procurement

The competitive bid process used by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to procure food supplies and transportation services for humanitarian food aid is subject to bidder gaming that can increase prices and deter competition. Additionally, suppliers and carriers are matched after bid submission, preventing synergies from coordinated planning. Given these concerns, we determine the optimal auction mechanism to minimize gaming then justify pre-bid planning between suppliers and carriers using properties of the cost distribution functions. We operationalize these changes with a uniform price auction. The improved mechanism should deter gaming, enhance bid participation, and increase delivered food aid volumes.     

Telecommunications models: Planning for regional development in LDCs

The aim of telecommunications policy in the less developed countries should be to contribute to general development goals, but the links between economic development and telecommunications are not clearly understood. The authors suggest a dual approach to this problem. First, this involves the construction of models of demand based on the interaction between regional economic development and telecommunications use. Second, corporate models are required to explore the feasibility of particular supply strategies. The progress of practical work in these areas is described and includes the results of some specific research in Kenya.     

A stochastic shift model for economically designed charts constrained by the process stage configuration

An economic model including the labor resource and the process stage configuration is proposed to design X¯ charts allowing for all the design parameters to be varied in an adaptive way. A random shift size is considered during the economic design selection. The results obtained for a benchmark of 64 process stage scenarios show that the activities configuration and some process operating parameters influence the selection of the best control chart strategy; to model the random shift size, its exact distribution can be approximately fitted by a discrete distribution obtained from a relatively small sample of historical data. However, an accurate estimation of the inspection costs associated to the SPC activities is far from being achieved. An illustrative example shows the implementation of the proposed economic model in a real industrial case.     

Privatization and production efficiency in Taiwan's telecommunications industry

Many managers, economists, and policy-makers have long believed that the production of a private enterprise is more efficient than that of a public one. This paper investigated whether it was good policy to privatize Taiwan's telecommunications industry by comparing the changes in efficiency in Chunghwa Telecom Company (CHT Co.) before and after privatization. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to evaluate their operational performance both pre- and post-privatization. The technical efficiency (CRS) computed with the CCR model assuming constant returns to scale, the technical efficiency (VRS), and the scale efficiency (VRS) were obtained with the BCC model assuming variable returns to scale, using the time-series data from CHT. The findings of this study show that the production efficiencies of CHT, both pre- and post-privatization are inefficient since all of the technical efficiencies are smaller than one.     

Prospective payments and hospital efficiency

This paper examines the effects of the Prospective Payment System on the behavior of hospitals with respect to their capital allocations and the efficiency with which they produce in-patient care. A theoretical model adapted from Pope [1989] yields the testable hypotheses that as a hospital's Medicare population increases the hospital will supply greater levels of capital and produce in-patient care using less technically efficient methods. A two stage test of these hypotheses is run on a sample of US non-federal hospitals. Results from patient demand functions and a stochastic profit frontier are consistent with the theoretical model.     

对煤炭企业构建安全生产长效机制的思考

安全是煤炭企业的头等大事，安全是煤矿最大的效益。因此，必须始终把安全放在压倒一切的首要位置．并结合生产实际和发展趋势，不断构建和完善卓有成效的安全管理体系，打造安全生产长效机制，实现煤炭企业的长治久安。     

我国油气长输管道项目建设管理模式探讨

我国油气管道工程建设项目管理经历了从传统建设模式、管理型建设模式到工程总承包建设模式的过渡。基于当前中国石油推行的EPC总承包、业主+PMT+PMC+EPC总承包、项目业主+委托业主+EPC承包、设计+施工承包(EC)、设计+采购承包(EP)五种常用模式,分析了实践中存在的主要问题,包括:相关法律法规有待健全完善;各相关方的职责界面有待进一步完善;设计标准有待进一步统一规范;建设期间工程遗留问题较多;项目风险识别需加强;EPC总承包商的实力还有待于进一步提升。针对这些问题,应结合实际,修订完善相关法规;规范相关责任方的工作职责界面;发挥以监理为主体的项目管理作用,共同加强质量管控;加强风险识别,把项目风险降到最低;培育发展壮大管道运输业EPC总承包商骨干企业;加强实践经验的研究总结及推广。     

提高采煤机开机率的途径研究

采煤机的开机率,是指在额定的工作时间内与采煤机有效的开机时间的比值(%)。而机采工作面的产量总是随采煤机开机率的提高而呈直线上升。目前,我国煤矿机采工作面的开机率普遍不高,综采工作面采煤机的平均开机率仅为20%～30%,高档普采工作面采煤机的平均开机率更低一些。因此采     

Productive efficiency and firm exit in the food sector

This work examines the effects of productive efficiency on the survival of firms in the Greek food sector. Technical and scale efficiency scores are computed within a data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework and are used as explanatory variables in a parametric (Weibull) survival model. High technical efficiency increases the median survival time and lowers the hazard rate of exit. As the scale efficiency of a firm operating either at increasing or decreasing returns to scale approaches one (1), its theoretically maximum value, the expected median survival time, is maximized for all types of exits. Developments in biotechnology, the evolution of alternative food supply networks, innovations in the food sector and competition policy are likely to affect technical and scale efficiency of food manufacturing firms. Results unraveling the effects of technical and scale efficiency on the survival of firms in the food sector are of particular relevance to food policy makers.     

DEA在汽车整车制造业绩效评价与改善中的应用

以我国汽车整车制造业工业企业生产效益为研究对象,以1998～2010年我国汽车整车制造业工业企业效益主要指标数据为样本,基于DEA的C2R模型,运用DEAP软件,对其生产效益进行综合评价,客观地评价了这13年我国汽车整车制造业工业企业的整体生产效益,得到了我国汽车整车制造业工业生产的有效年份和非有效年份.对于非有效年份,计算出相应的投入松弛变量(S-)、产出松弛变量(S+),得到了绩效标杆和绩效差距,从而为改进生产效率提供决策依据.     

Economic efficiency,antitrust and rate-of-return

This paper examines the economic consequences of using excessive rates-of-return to detect and prosecute cartels. We find that this policy leads to inefficient factor utilization, but always increases output and welfare. The rate-of-return policy may yield greater social gains than a welfare-based antitrust policy.     

基于DEA的中国能源生产率增长变动及影响因素研究

本文基于生产率和效率的内涵界定,探讨了能源生产率、能源效率及变化率的衡量指标,指出若要度量能源利用的动态变化情况,生产率增长指标比效率改进指标更为合适;同时全要素框架下测算能源生产率增长率(即全要素能源生产率增长率)应比单要素能源生产率增长率更能准确反映能源生产率变动情况。通过将这两个指标用于2000~2010年能源生产率增长情况,本文发现两者在反映能源生产率增长率的纵向变化趋势时基本一致,但在横向比较时有一定差别。本文还发现受经济周期和政策环境变动的影响,2000~2010年我国全要素能源生产率增长率的演化趋势可分为4个阶段。最后,利用计量模型考察全要素能源生产率增长率的影响因素,并对在"五年规划"纳入节能指标对能源生产率的影响进行定量评估。