Coping with poor water services and the demand for change in Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago's 1.3 million residents are provided water supply and sewerage services by a national utility whose service levels have been inadequate and deteriorating through the recent past, largely due to a lack of investment in utility infrastructure. A “willingness to pay” study assessed the degree of coverage and quality of service and the residents' willingness to accept water tariff increases for an increase in service level. Willingness to pay for change is low, below current tariffs, due to scepticism about the likelihood of change and due to the ability to cope with bad service through the pervasive use of local storage.     

Domestic water access and pricing in urban areas of Mozambique: between equity and cost recovery for the provision of a vital resource

This article first presents the urban domestic water access situation in Mozambique. Then it analyzes the country's tariff system as a tool to recover water supply costs and to secure equity and affordability for the urban households served. The analysis focused on those households with in-dwelling water access (less than 50% of the urban population in Mozambique). Urban families using 5 m³, 10 m³, and 15 m³ of in-dwelling piped water per month pay an average of USD 0.86, 0.74, and 0.76 per m³, respectively. At the national level, cost recovery is an issue because in most urban areas operation and maintenance costs are not fully covered. The average coverage ratio for the country is 0.85. The presented figures indicate that a revision of the water tariffs currently applied in Mozambique could help improve equity, affordability and cost recovery.     

上海市水资源模糊定价模型

阐述了水资源系统的复杂性和模糊性,分析了与水资源价值评价有关的水量、水质及社会经济要素,探讨了水资源价值模糊综合评价数学模型和水资源价格计算模型,并在此基础上分析确定了上海市水资源价值的价格,使上海市的水资源价格更趋合理。     

水价改革与水务企业发展刍议

根据水的多重属性理论，分析了正确执行水价策略的思路，并结合委托一代理理论等对水务企业的发展进行分析。得出结论是，水务企业的发展是必然趋势，但同时其行业的公共事业属性永远不会改变；应从部分市场开始培育水务企业，并强化对水务企业的政府监管，从而最大程度地规避水务产业化所带来的负面效应。允许多种经营模式共同存在。     

基于水权交易所的水权价格形成机制研究

我国为进一步加快建立健全水权制度和水价机制,开展水权交易试点工作,因而水权的定价机制成了当前研究的重点。通过对协商定价、招标投标定价和拍卖竞价三种水权转让定价方式进行深入的分析,探讨了其交易方式、价格形成机制以及交易流程。最终提出场内水权价格形成的综合模式,以期充分发挥三种水权价格模式的优势,为我国水权制度的健全和水价机制的形成提供相应的对策建议。     

Is better drinking water valued in the Latin American countryside? Some evidence from Cotacachi,Ecuador

To investigate the financial contribution that rural people might make to the improvement of the potable water systems that serve them, 274 households in Cotacachi in the Ecuadorian Andes were surveyed about payments for watershed conservation, which would reduce seasonal shortages. While monthly payments of $1 or $2 were acceptable to most households, there was little support for payments above $3/month. In addition, multiple regression analysis suggests that 10% growth in annual earnings leads to an increase of 2.8% in payments from rural households for watershed conservation.     

Sustainably managing water: challenges and responses

To better conserve, protect, and ensure affordable access to water requires proper pricing, integration of environmental concerns into agriculture policy, better information, awareness and education, increased financing for investment and improved governance. The article summarizes policy challenges and solutions in the areas of water resource management and sustainable water supply and sanitation service provision.     

推进水价综合改革建立农田水利良性运行机制

农田水利工程能否良性运行事关国家粮食安全、农民增收、促进节约用水和新农村建设的大局。国家必须建立“末级渠系节水技术改造奖补机制”和“农业水费财政补贴机制”。以水价综合改革为动力，整体推进灌区“两改一提高”，逐步建立“以完好的农田水利工程体系为基础，以农民用水自治为核心，以科学的终端水价制为保证”的“三位一体”农田水利良性运行长效机制。     

我国供水价格体系研究

以全国范围内的供水价格体系作为研究对象,通过典型调查和定量模型分析,对我国分区域、分水源、分用户、分环节的合理供水价格水平、供水价格比价关系、供水价格差价关系和供水价格制定的管理制度进行了系统研究。主要研究结论:(1)水资源费应作为供水价格体系的重要调节因子,在城市供水环节比价中比重取值范围为20%⁵0%,最低应不低于20%。(2)在城市自来水供水环节比价中,应重点提高水资源费与原水费比重。建议水资源费与原水费(水利工程供水价格)合计比重应达到35%以上。(3)水源比价中,重点应关注自来水以外供水水源的价格改革。应优先提高水利工程供水价格,同时采用补贴与累退计费的激励机制,有效地促进和鼓励非常规水资源的利用。     

北京市水价体系研究

通过对北京市水资源与水环境现状的分析,指出北京市正面临水资源短缺和水环境污染的双重危机。在此基础上,对水价成分构成和基本原则进行了系统性的阐述,创新性地提出了资源水价、工程水价、环境水价的计算公式。通过分析北京市水价体系的历史变迁与现状,总结得出北京市目前水价体系存在的主要问题,并针对这些问题提出了北京市水价体系改革的方向以及相关的政策建议。     

水资源费征收的理论依据及定价方法

水资源费是我国水资源管理的重要经济手段。本文分析了水资源费征收的理论依据,论证了水资源的产权、稀缺性及投入补偿特性,并以此为水资源费的征收依据,建立了以成本费用为基础的水资源费计算方法和以市场供需为基础的水资源费计算方法。这两种方法为基于行政管理配置和市场配置的水资源管理体制提供了计算依据。     

基于成本加成的再生水阶梯定价方法研究

再生水作为城市的第二水源,能有效缓解水资源危机。以再生水管网建设的资金回收为前提条件,运用成本加成的方法,确定用户使用再生水的成本价格与需求量、输水距离之间的函数关系,并根据用户与水厂之间的距离划分不同的用户群;进而针对用户群内用户需求量的差异,采用阶梯定价的方法对再生水的价格制定进行研究,建立了基于再生水用户需水量、输水距离等因素的复合阶梯定价模型。最后,以西安市第二污水处理厂为例,运用模型计算其用户-西郊热电厂的再生水使用价格,验证了此定价模型的准确性与实用性,为再生水价格市场化发展提供了理论依据。     

Farmer heterogeneity and water pricing reform: a case study from Vietnam

Water pricing has been recognized as an important policy instrument for improving the efficiency of irrigation and underpinning the sustainability of related services. However, establishing and charging the ‘right’ price is no simple task. This paper uses an exploratory factor analysis to isolate farmers’ motivations towards farming. A binary logit regression is then used to examine the relationship between motivation, household, and farmer characteristics and willingness to pay for improved irrigation services. Findings from this study suggest that a ‘one size fits all’ approach faces remote prospects of success and better targeting of reform effort is warranted.     

居民对改善城市水环境支付意愿的研究

运用条件价值评估法,对银川市居民为改善水环境的支付意愿及其影响因素作了初步分析。计算结果显示,研究范围内的居民年平均支付意愿约为175.55元/户。回归分析表明,居民家庭年平均收入、教育水平、对现状水环境的满意程度和对供水部门的信任程度等因素对支付意愿有显著影响。     

位山灌区水价改革实践与探索

山东省位山灌区农业供水经历了不收费、按亩收费和计量收费三个阶段。在水价改革中,采取“小步快跑”的方式,供水价格不断提高,达到了优化配置水资源和节约用水的效果。同时,水价改革为工程建设与管理提供了资金支持,增强了可持续发展能力,推动了灌区的良性运行。     

Comparison of water pricing for publicly and privately owned water utilities in the United States

The relation between water utility ownership structure and price of water is explored in this study, along with other factors such as water source, population size, population density, population growth trends, service area size, and drought condition. Pricing data were obtained from water utilities in 485 cities in the US (333 publicly owned, 152 privately owned), representing a range of city sizes and geographic distribution. The data were analyzed to explore the significance of variables for water price. On average, privately owned water utilities have higher prices for water.     

景电高扬程灌区水价改革实践及思考

水价是水商品价值的体现。由于多方面的原因，水价改革的进程与水商品生产经营的市场化供求关系还不相适应，致使现行水价不能体现水资源的市场需求价值。回顾总结景电灌区水价调整改革的实践，可以为西北高扬程灌区水价改革提供借鉴。     

临沂市城市生态水利建设现状与影响评价

作为主要的生态系统之一,湿地生态系统给人类提供着广泛的生活必需品和服务。水是城市赖以存在和发展的基础性资源。然而快速的城市化发展过程给城市水环境造成了巨大的压力。合理的城市生态水利建设对改善城市水环境具有重要意义。研究分析了临沂市城市生态水利建设的现状及其对生态系统服务的影响。总体上看,生态水利建设有助于改善临沂市水环境和提高水生态系统服务。     

水污染物初始排污权定价策略研究——以河南省为例

为了探索理论和实用性兼顾的水污染物排污权初始分配价格的定价方法,在对现有排污权定价模型分析的基础上,通过对环境容量的资源性和价值性的探讨,建立了支付意愿定价模型和租金分配定价模型。以河南省为例,水污染物(以COD和氨氮为例)排污权初始分配价格计算结果为:支付意愿定价模型核算出的COD排污权价格为3 463元/t,氨氮排污权价格为4 329元/t;租金分配定价模型核算出的COD排污权价格为4 499元/t,氨氮排污权价格为9 122元/t。两种定价模型均具有一定可行性,但租金分配定价模型的定价理论更为合理,定价结果更为可靠,因此推荐以租金分配定价模型为主,以支付意愿定价模型为辅来进行水污染物初始排污权的价格制定。     

水定价方法对农业用水效率及公平性的影响分析

根据农业用水中不同的水价制定方法建立了水价与农业用水效率及公平性的数学关系模型,不同的定价方法对用水效率有不同的影响,容量定价及分级定价能够获得一阶最优效率,投入/产出定价法能够获得二阶最优效率,而按面积定价法是低效的;不同水价对公平性几乎没有影响,影响公平性的仅为土地面积。